Preformulation Studies with Phenylalanine Ammonia Lyase: Essential Prelude to a Microcapsule Formulation for the Management of Phenylketonuria

• Published in: Journal of pharmaceutical sciences Vol. 111; no. 7; pp. 1857 - 1867
• Main Authors: Besada, Christina, Hakami, Abrar, Pillai, Gayatri, Yetsko, Kyle, Truong, Nhu, Little, Timothy, Pantano, Sharon, Dmello, Anil
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.07.2022
• Subjects: Albumin; Enzyme kinetics; Gastrointestinal tract; HPLC; Microencapsulation; Preformulation; Protein binding; Protein formulation; Stability; Km; Stability; Vmax; Albumin; g.i.t; Gastrointestinal tract; Phe; BH4; BSA; TCA; PAH; Preformulation; Microencapsulation; PAL; PKU; Enzyme kinetics; Protein formulation; HPLC; Protein binding
• ISSN: 0022-3549; 1520-6017
• DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.03.016

[Display omitted] . Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) metabolizes phenylalanine to transcinnamic acid (TCA). Our eventual goal is to develop a PAL microcapsule formulation to deplete phenylalanine in the gastrointestinal tract (g.i.t). The focus of this research is pre-formulation studies with PAL. PAL exhibited undesirable time dependent decrease in activity due to TCA mediated product inhibition. Addition of bovine serum albumin (BSA) completely relieved product inhibition. Ultrafiltration experiments revealed that BSA acted by binding and sequestering TCA. PAL exhibits maximum activity at a pH of 8.5 and will need to be buffered to retain activity in the g.i.t. Buffer studies showed that a pH 8.5, 0.4 M Bicine buffer containing BSA was able to maintain maximal PAL activity against simulated gastric and intestinal fluid additions. Buffered PAL with BSA was able to rapidly and completely deplete phenylalanine in simulated mouse g.i.t conditions. A small fraction of phenylalanine in the g.i.t is present as dipeptides. Our studies established for the first time that PAL cannot metabolize phenylalanine dipeptides. Our results explain why previous trials with PAL in the management of phenylketonuria produced low efficacy. They will guide design of a PAL microcapsule formulation that maintains maximal PAL activity during its transit through the g.i.t.