The Great Plains Low-Level Jet during PECAN: Observed and Simulated Characteristics

• Published in: Monthly weather review Vol. 147; no. 6; pp. 1845 - 1869
• Main Authors: Smith, Elizabeth N., Gebauer, Joshua G., Klein, Petra M., Fedorovich, Evgeni, Gibbs, Jeremy A.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Washington American Meteorological Society 01.06.2019
• Subjects: Advection; Atmosphere; Boundary layer winds; Boundary layers; Computer simulation; Convection; Heterogeneity; Low-level jets; Mathematical models; Night; Nocturnal boundary layer; Numerical simulations; Potential temperature; Simulation; Slopes; Temperature distribution; Temperature fields; Thermal structure; Three dimensional models; Updraft; Weather forecasting; Wind; Wind direction; Wind speed; Winds; United States > US; Great Plains
• ISSN: 0027-0644; 1520-0493
• DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-18-0293.1

Abstract During the 2015 Plains Elevated Convection at Night (PECAN) field campaign, several nocturnal low-level jets (NLLJs) were observed with integrated boundary layer profiling systems at multiple sites. This paper gives an overview of selected PECAN NLLJ cases and presents a comparison of high-resolution observations with numerical simulations using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. Analyses suggest that simulated NLLJs typically form earlier than the observed NLLJs. They are stronger than the observed counterparts early in the event, but weaker than the observed NLLJs later in the night. However, sudden variations in the boundary layer winds, height of the NLLJ maximum and core region, and potential temperature fields are well captured by the WRF Model. Simulated three-dimensional fields are used for a more focused analysis of PECAN NLLJ cases. While previous studies often related changes in the thermal structure of the nocturnal boundary layer and sudden mixing events to local features, we hypothesize that NLLJ spatial evolution plays an important role in such events. The NLLJ is shown to have heterogeneous depth, wind speed, and wind direction. This study offers detailed documentation of the heterogeneous NLLJ moving down the slope of the Great Plains overnight. As the NLLJ evolves, westerly advection becomes significant. Buoyancy-related mechanisms are proposed to explain NLLJ heterogeneity and down-slope motion. Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the NLLJ is suggested as a source of the often observed and simulated updrafts during PECAN cases and as a possible mechanism for nocturnal convection initiation. The spatial and temporal characteristics of the NLLJ are interconnected and should not be treated independently.