Long-term Recurrence and Progression Patterns in a Contemporary Series of Patients with Carcinoma In Situ of the Bladder With or Without Associated Ta/T1 Disease Treated with Bacillus Calmette-Guérin: Implications for Risk-adapted Follow-up

• Published in: European urology focus Vol. 9; no. 2; pp. 325 - 332
• Main Authors: Subiela, José Daniel, Rodríguez Faba, Óscar, Aumatell, Júlia, Gonzalez-Padilla, Daniel Antonio, Rosales Bordes, Antonio, Huguet, Jorge, Krajewski, Wojciech, Algaba, Ferran, López Curtis, David, Brasero Burgos, Jennifer, Sánchez González, Álvaro, Jiménez Cidre, Miguel Ángel, Burgos Revilla, Francisco Javier, Breda, Alberto, Palou, Joan
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 01.03.2023
• Subjects: Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy; BCG Vaccine - therapeutic use; Carcinoma in situ; Carcinoma in Situ - drug therapy; Carcinoma in Situ - pathology; Carcinoma, Transitional Cell - pathology; Disease Progression; Follow-Up Studies; Humans; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local - epidemiology; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local - pathology; Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer; Progression; Recurrence; Retrospective Studies; Urinary Bladder - pathology; Urinary Bladder Neoplasms - pathology; Progression; Non–muscle-invasive bladder cancer; Recurrence; Bacillus Calmette-Guérin immunotherapy; Carcinoma in situ
• ISSN: 2405-4569; 2405-4569
• DOI: 10.1016/j.euf.2022.09.007

For patients with bladder carcinoma in situ there are high rates of recurrence, progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer, and upper tract urothelial carcinoma incidence. Most of these adverse oncological outcomes occur during the first 3 yr. Exposure to adequate bacillus Calmette-Guérin treatment improves the outcomes. Limited data are available on patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS) of the bladder managed according to current clinical practice guidelines. To assess the patterns of recurrence, progression to muscle-invasive bladder cancer (MIBC), and upper tract urothelial carcinoma (UTUC) in patients with CIS, and to compare the effectiveness of adequate versus inadequate bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) immunotherapy. A retrospective analysis of 386 patients with CIS of the bladder with or without associated pTa/pT1 disease treated with BCG between 2008 and 2015. Kaplan-Meier estimations and an inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW)-Cox regression were performed to compare recurrence-free survival (RFS) and progression-free survival (PFS) and UTUC incidence over time for patients who received adequate versus inadequate BCG treatment. The median follow-up was 70.5 mo. At 5 and 10 yr, RFS was 82% and 52%, PFS was 93.6% and 75.8%, and UTUC incidence was 1.7% and 2.9%, respectively. Most recurrence (73.6%) and progression (69.1%) events occurred in the first 3 yr of follow-up, while 38.7% of UTUC incident events were recorded after 5 yr of follow-up. IPTW-Cox regression revealed that patients who received BCG treatment had a lower risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR] 0.21, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.13–0.34), progression (HR 0.46, 95% CI 0.25–0.87), and UTUC incidence (HR 0.24, 95% CI 0.09–0.64). Limitations include the retrospective design and potential selection bias. Patients with CIS of the bladder show a high risk of recurrence, progression, and UTUC incidence. Most of these outcomes occur during the first 3 yr of follow-up, but a significant proportion of the events occur at long-term follow-up. Although receipt of adequate BCG treatment improves outcomes, intensive and long-term surveillance may be warranted. We investigated the long-term cancer control outcomes for patients with carcinoma in situ (CIS; cancerous cells that have not spread from where they first formed) of the bladder. Patients with CIS have a high risk of cancer recurrence and progression. Treatment with bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) improves outcomes.