Review article: Advances in the management of lower gastrointestinal bleeding

• Published in: Alimentary pharmacology & therapeutics Vol. 59; no. 5; pp. 632 - 644
• Main Authors: Alali, Ali A., Almadi, Majid A., Barkun, Alan N.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.03.2024
• Subjects: Acute Disease; Bleeding; Cardiovascular diseases; Colon; Colonoscopy; Colonoscopy - methods; Colonoscopy < topics; Disease management; diverticular disease < disease‐based; Fibrinolytic Agents - adverse effects; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - diagnosis; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - etiology; Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage - therapy; Humans; large intestine < organ‐based; Morbidity; non‐variceal bleeding < topics; non-variceal bleeding < topics; large intestine < organ-based; diverticular disease < disease-based; Colonoscopy < topics
• ISSN: 0269-2813; 1365-2036; 1365-2036
• DOI: 10.1111/apt.17859

Summary Background Lower gastrointestinal bleeding (LGIB) is a common emergency with substantial associated morbidity and mortality. Elective colonoscopy plays an essential role in management, with an even more important role for radiology in the acute setting. Recent advances in the management of patients with LGIB warrant review as the management has recently evolved. Aims To provide a comprehensive and updated overview of advances in the approach to patients with LGIB Methods We performed a comprehensive literature search to examine the current data for this narrative review supplemented by expert opinion. Results The incidence of LGIB is increasing worldwide, partly related to an ageing population and the increasing use of antithrombotics. Diverticulosis continues to be the most common aetiology of LGIB. Pre‐endoscopic risk stratification tools, especially the Oakland score, can aid appropriate patient triage. Adequate resuscitation continues to form the basis of management, while appropriate management of antithrombotics is crucial to balance the risk of worsening bleeding against increased cardiovascular risk. Radiological imaging plays an essential role in the diagnosis and treatment of acute LGIB, especially among unstable patients. Colonoscopy remains the gold‐standard test for the elective management of stable patients. Conclusions The management of LGIB has evolved significantly in recent years, with a shift towards radiological interventions for unstable patients while reserving elective colonoscopy for stable patients. A multidisciplinary approach is essential to optimise the outcomes of patients with LGIB. The multidisciplinary diagnostic and therapeutic approach to patients presenting with acute lower gastrointestinal bleeding.