Biogenesis and mechanisms of microRNA‐mediated gene regulation

• Published in: Biotechnology and bioengineering Vol. 119; no. 3; pp. 685 - 692
• Main Authors: Rani, Varsha, Sengar, Rakesh Singh
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.03.2022
• Subjects: biogenesis; Biological activity; Gene expression; Gene regulation; Genes; MicroRNAs; miRNA; Molecular modelling; mRNA; Nucleotides; Physiological effects; Post-transcription; posttranscriptional; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; seed sequences; Seeds; microRNAs; posttranscriptional; seed sequences; biogenesis; mRNA
• ISSN: 0006-3592; 1097-0290; 1097-0290
• DOI: 10.1002/bit.28029

Endogenous RNAs that control posttranscriptional gene expression are microRNAs (miRNAs). These small regulatory molecules play a crucial role in certain biological processes and their expression is often strictly regulated. They are small 21–24 nucleotide molecules that act as major regulators of gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. One of the mechanisms by which miRNAs control the gene expression is to interact the interaction of the seeds with the 3ʹ‐end and and more seldom the 5ʹ‐end of mRNA transcribed by the target genes. miRNAs have been identified as important cytoplasmic regulators of gene expression. miRNAs function as posttranscriptional regulators of their messenger RNA (mRNA) targets by mRNA degradation and/or translational repression. It is becoming evident, however, that miRNAs have nuclear functions as well. About the cell type, the physiological state of the body, and various external factors, the following explanation will summarize the complex multilevel regulation of miRNA expression. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms controlling miRNA expression will provide clarification of the variations in the expression of protein‐coding genes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a type of small RNA molecule that controls gene expression after it has been transcribed. The discovery of miRNAs has given us a new perspective on how complex gene regulatory networks work. The majority of miRNAs are transcribed from DNA sequences as primary miRNAs, which are then processed into precursor miRNAs and mature miRNAs. miRNA‐target gene interactions are dynamic and are influenced by a number of factors such as miRNA subcellular location, miRNA and target messenger RNA (mRNA) abundance, and miRNA–mRNA interaction affinity.