Blood–brain barrier damage and new onset refractory status epilepticus: An exploratory study using dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging

• Published in: Epilepsia (Copenhagen) Vol. 64; no. 6; pp. 1594 - 1604
• Main Authors: Li, Huiping, Liu, Xian, Wang, Ruihong, Lu, Aili, Ma, Zhaohui, Wu, Shibiao, Lu, Hongji, Du, Yaming, Deng, Kan, Wang, Lixin, Yuan, Fang
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.06.2023
• Subjects: Adult; Basal ganglia; Blood-brain barrier; Blood-Brain Barrier - diagnostic imaging; Brain injury; Cerebellum; dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI; Encephalitis; Encephalitis - complications; Epilepsy; Etiology; Hippocampus; Humans; Magnetic Resonance Imaging; Membrane permeability; Neuroimaging; new onset refractory status epilepticus; Permeability; Prospective Studies; Retrospective Studies; Seizures; Status Epilepticus - diagnostic imaging; Status Epilepticus - etiology; Substantia alba; Thalamus; blood-brain barrier; basal ganglia; new onset refractory status epilepticus; dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI; thalamus
• ISSN: 0013-9580; 1528-1167; 1528-1167
• DOI: 10.1111/epi.17576

Objective This study was undertaken to characterize the blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction in patients with new onset refractory status epilepticus (NORSE) using dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI). Methods This study included three groups of adult participants: patients with NORSE, encephalitis patients without status epilepticus (SE), and healthy subjects. These participants were retrospectively included from a prospective DCE‐MRI database of neurocritically ill patients and healthy subjects. The BBB permeability (Ktrans) in the hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, claustrum, periventricular white matter, and cerebellum were measured and compared between these three groups. Results A total of seven patients with NORSE, 14 encephalitis patients without SE, and nine healthy subjects were included in this study. Among seven patients with NORSE, only one had a definite etiology (autoimmune encephalitis), and the rest were cryptogenic. Etiology of encephalitis patients without SE included viral (n = 2), bacterial (n = 8), tuberculous (n = 1), cryptococcal (n = 1), and cryptic (n = 2) encephalitis. Of these 14 encephalitis patients without SE, three patients had seizures. Compared to healthy controls, NORSE patients had significantly increased Ktrans values in the hippocampus (.73 vs. .02 × 10−3/min, p = .001) and basal ganglia (.61 vs. .003 × 10−3/min, p = .007) and a trend in the thalamus (.24 vs. .08 × 10−3/min, p = .017). Compared to encephalitis patients without SE, NORSE patients had significantly increased Ktrans values in the thalamus (.24 vs. .01 × 10−3/min, p = .002) and basal ganglia (.61 vs. .004 × 10−3/min, p = .013). Significance This exploratory study demonstrates that BBBs of NORSE patients were impaired diffusely, and BBB dysfunction in the basal ganglia and thalamus plays an important role in the pathophysiology of NORSE.