False‐negative compatible antiglobulin crossmatches in samples with alloantibodies to cognate red blood cell antigens

• Published in: Transfusion (Philadelphia, Pa.) Vol. 58; no. 8; pp. 2022 - 2026
• Main Authors: Nixon, Christian P., Krohto, Stephanie L., Sweeney, Joseph D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.08.2018
• Subjects: ABO Blood-Group System; ABO system; Alloantibodies; Antibodies; Antigens; Antigens - immunology; Blood Group Incompatibility; Blood Grouping and Crossmatching; Blood groups; Compatibility; Coombs Test; Erythrocytes; Erythrocytes - immunology; False Negative Reactions; Histocompatibility testing; Humans; Incompatibility; Isoantibodies - blood; Reagents; Sampling methods; Zygosity
• ISSN: 0041-1132; 1537-2995
• DOI: 10.1111/trf.14645

BACKGROUND Patient samples showing a positive indirect antiglobulin test are further tested to identify alloantibody specificity using a panel of phenotypically characterized group O reagent red blood cells (RBCs). Donor RBCs phenotypically negative for the antibody specificity are then serologically crossmatched using an antiglobulin reagent. This latter test is performed to identify any incompatibility due to the presence of undetected minor blood group antibodies and considered an important step in patient safety. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Samples with well‐characterized alloantibodies were intentionally crossmatched against donor RBCs expressing the cognate antigen. In a separate set of specimens, the alloantibody was titered and crossmatched against both heterozygous and homozygous cells. RESULTS Thirty‐five samples containing 10 common alloantibodies crossmatched against 240 ABO‐compatible donor cells phenotypically positive for the cognate antigen showed compatible crossmatches in 89 of 240 (37%). Antibody titering of 12 alloantibodies showed that a titer of 2 or more was required for incompatibility of all homozygous cells and a titer of 8 or more for incompatibility of all heterozygous cells. CONCLUSION The antiglobulin crossmatch has a high failure rate (false‐negatives) related to antibody titer and donor cell zygosity and is not reliable in interdicting incompatibility due to minor blood group antibodies.