Intrinsic factors behind long‐COVID: I. Prevalence of the extracellular vesicles

• Published in: Journal of cellular biochemistry Vol. 124; no. 5; pp. 656 - 673
• Main Authors: El‐Maradny, Yousra A., Rubio‐Casillas, Alberto, Uversky, Vladimir N., Redwan, Elrashdy M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.05.2023
• Subjects: apoptotic bodies; COVID-19; COVID-19 - epidemiology; exosomes; Extracellular Vesicles; Humans; Infectivity; long‐COVID; microvesicles; Pathogenicity; Pathogens; Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome; Prevalence; Questions; Recovery (Medical); SARS-CoV-2; Search engines; Severe acute respiratory syndrome; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Side effects; Viral diseases; Viruses; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; extracellular vesicles; exosomes; microvesicles; apoptotic bodies; long-COVID
• ISSN: 0730-2312; 1097-4644
• DOI: 10.1002/jcb.30415

It can be argued that the severity of COVID‐19 has decreased in many countries. This could be a result of the broad coverage of the population by vaccination campaigns, which often reached an almost compulsory status in many places. Furthermore, significant roles were played by the multiple mutations in the body of the virus, which led to the emergence of several new SARS‐CoV‐2 variants with enhanced infectivity but dramatically reduced pathogenicity. However, the challenges associated with the development of various side effects and their persistence for long periods exceeding 20 months as a result of the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection, or taking available vaccines against it, are spreading horizontally and vertically in number and repercussions. For example, the World Health Organization announced that there are more than 17 million registered cases of long‐COVID (also known as post‑COVID syndrome) in the European Union countries alone. Furthermore, by using the PubMed search engine, one can find that more than 10 000 articles have been published focusing exclusively on long‐COVID. In light of these enormous and ever‐increasing numbers of cases and published articles, most of which are descriptive of the various long‐COVID symptoms, the need to know the reasons behind this phenomenon raises several important questions. Is long‐COVID caused by the continued presence of the virus or one/several of its components in the recovering individual body for long periods of time, which urges the body to respond in a way that leads to long‐COVID development? Or are there some latent and limited reasons related to the recovering patients themselves? Or is it a sum of both? Many observations support a positive answer to the first question, whereas others back the second question but typically without releasing a fundamental reason/signal behind it. Whatever the answer is, it seems that the real reasons behind this widespread phenomenon remain unclear. This report opens a series of articles, in which we will try to shed light on the underlying causes that could be behind the long‐COVID phenomenon.