Elucidating allergic reaction mechanisms in response to SARS‐CoV‐2 mRNA vaccination in adults

• Published in: Allergy (Copenhagen) Vol. 79; no. 9; pp. 2502 - 2523
• Main Authors: Shah, Mihir M., Layhadi, Janice A., Hourcade, Dennis E., Fulton, William T., Tan, Tiak Ju, Dunham, Diane, Chang, Iris, Vel, Monica S., Fernandes, Andrea, Lee, Alexandra S., Liu, James, Arunachalam, Prabhu S., Galli, Stephen J., Boyd, Scott D., Pulendran, Bali, Davis, Mark M., O'Hara, Ruth, Park, Helen, Mitchell, Lynne M., Akk, Antonina, Patterson, Alexander, Jerath, Maya R., Monroy, Jennifer M., Ren, Zhen, Kendall, Peggy L., Durham, Stephen R., Fedina, Aleksandra, Gibbs, Bernhard F., Agache, Ioana, Chinthrajah, Sharon, Sindher, Sayantani B., Heider, Anja, Akdis, Cezmi A., Shamji, Mohamed H., Pham, Christine T. N., Nadeau, Kari C.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Denmark Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.09.2024
• Subjects: Adult; Aged; Allergies; Basophils - immunology; Basophils - metabolism; Cell activation; Chromatin; Complement activation; Complement Activation - immunology; Complement component C3a; Complement component C5a; COVID-19; COVID-19 - immunology; COVID-19 - prevention & control; COVID-19 vaccines; COVID-19 Vaccines - adverse effects; COVID-19 Vaccines - immunology; Epigenetics; Female; Humans; Hypersensitivity - etiology; Hypersensitivity - immunology; Immunization; Immunoglobulin E - blood; Immunoglobulin E - immunology; Immunoglobulin G; Immunoglobulin G - blood; Immunoglobulin G - immunology; Immunoglobulin M; Leukocytes (basophilic); Male; Middle Aged; Monocytes; mRNA; mRNA vaccines; mRNA Vaccines - immunology; Nanoparticles; polyethylene glycol; Reaction mechanisms; SARS-CoV-2 - immunology; SARS‐CoV‐2; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; Transcription activation; Vaccination - adverse effects; vaccine allergy; Vaccine hesitancy; vaccine allergy; mRNA vaccines; COVID‐19 vaccines; polyethylene glycol; COVID‐19; SARS‐CoV‐2
• ISSN: 0105-4538; 1398-9995; 1398-9995
• DOI: 10.1111/all.16231

Background During the COVID‐19 pandemic, novel nanoparticle‐based mRNA vaccines were developed. A small number of individuals developed allergic reactions to these vaccines although the mechanisms remain undefined. Methods To understand COVID‐19 vaccine‐mediated allergic reactions, we enrolled 19 participants who developed allergic events within 2 h of vaccination and 13 controls, nonreactors. Using standard hemolysis assays, we demonstrated that sera from allergic participants induced stronger complement activation compared to nonallergic subjects following ex vivo vaccine exposure. Results Vaccine‐mediated complement activation correlated with anti‐polyethelyne glycol (PEG) IgG (but not IgM) levels while anti‐PEG IgE was undetectable in all subjects. Depletion of total IgG suppressed complement activation in select individuals. To investigate the effects of vaccine excipients on basophil function, we employed a validated indirect basophil activation test that stratified the allergic populations into high and low responders. Complement C3a and C5a receptor blockade in this system suppressed basophil response, providing strong evidence for complement involvement in vaccine‐mediated basophil activation. Single‐cell multiome analysis revealed differential expression of genes encoding the cytokine response and Toll‐like receptor (TLR) pathways within the monocyte compartment. Differential chromatin accessibility for IL‐13 and IL‐1B genes was found in allergic and nonallergic participants, suggesting that in vivo, epigenetic modulation of mononuclear phagocyte immunophenotypes determines their subsequent functional responsiveness, contributing to the overall physiologic manifestation of vaccine reactions. Conclusion These findings provide insights into the mechanisms underlying allergic reactions to COVID‐19 mRNA vaccines, which may be used for future vaccine strategies in individuals with prior history of allergies or reactions and reduce vaccine hesitancy. We analyze some of the mechanisms underlying allergic reactions to COVID‐19 mRNA vaccines. After performing hemolysis, indirect basophil activation, and single‐cell multiome assays, we elucidated certain allergic reaction mechanisms. We found anti‐PEG IgG correlates with vaccine‐mediated complement activation and that epigenetic modulation of mononuclear phagocytes could influence vaccine reaction manifestations.Abbreviations: AP‐1, activator protein 1; C1q, complement component 1q; C3, complement component 3; COVID‐19, coronavirus disease 2019; CP, classical pathway; MAPK, mitogen‐activated protein kinase; NF‐κB, nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer; NLRP3, nucleotide‐binding domain, leucine‐rich–containing family, pyrin domain–containing‐3; PEG, polyethylene glycol; siRNA seq, small interfering RNA sequencing; TLR, Toll‐like receptor.