Combined atomic and molecular (CAM) ionization with the liquid sampling‐atmospheric pressure glow discharge microplasma

• Published in: Mass spectrometry reviews Vol. 42; no. 2; pp. 652 - 673
• Main Authors: Kenneth Marcus, R., Hoegg, Edward D., Hall, Katja A., Williams, Tyler J., Koppenaal, David W.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.03.2023
• Subjects: Atmospheric pressure; combined atomic and molecular ionization; Ionization; Ions; isotope ratio mass spectrometry; liquid sampling‐atmospheric pressure glow discharge; Mass spectroscopy; microplasma; Organometallic complexes; sample introduction; Sampling; combined atomic and molecular ionization; microplasma; isotope ratio mass spectrometry; sample introduction; liquid sampling-atmospheric pressure glow discharge
• ISSN: 0277-7037; 1098-2787
• DOI: 10.1002/mas.21720

In a world where information‐rich methods of analysis are often sought over those with superior figures of merit, there is a constant search for ionization methods which can be applied across diverse analytical systems. The liquid sampling‐atmospheric pressure glow discharge (LS‐APGD) is a microplasma device which has the inherent capabilities to operate as a combined atomic and molecular (CAM) ionization source. The plasma is sustained by placement of a high voltage (~500 V, dc) onto an electrolytic solution through which the analyte is generally delivered to the discharge. Judicious choice of the solvent provides a means of obtaining atomic/elemental and/or molecular mass spectra. Presented here are the diverse modes of sample introduction and mass spectrometer platforms to which the LS‐APGD has been interfaced. Likewise, representative spectra and figures of merit are presented towards elemental and isotope ratio measurements, as well as application to small organic molecules, organometallic complexes, and intact proteins. It is believed that the diversity of analytical applications and ready implementation across the entirety of mass spectrometry platforms portends a level of versatility not realized with other ionization sources.