Unprecedented Arctic ozone loss in 2011

• Published in: Nature (London) Vol. 478; no. 7370; pp. 469 - 475
• Main Authors: Manney, Gloria L., Santee, Michelle L., Rex, Markus, Livesey, Nathaniel J., Pitts, Michael C., Veefkind, Pepijn, Nash, Eric R., Wohltmann, Ingo, Lehmann, Ralph, Froidevaux, Lucien, Poole, Lamont R., Schoeberl, Mark R., Haffner, David P., Davies, Jonathan, Dorokhov, Valery, Gernandt, Hartwig, Johnson, Bryan, Kivi, Rigel, Kyrö, Esko, Larsen, Niels, Levelt, Pieternel F., Makshtas, Alexander, McElroy, C. Thomas, Nakajima, Hideaki, Parrondo, Maria Concepción, Tarasick, David W., von der Gathen, Peter, Walker, Kaley A., Zinoviev, Nikita S.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: London Nature Publishing Group UK 27.10.2011; Nature Publishing Group
• Subjects: 704/106/35; 704/2151; Antarctic Regions; Arctic Regions; Atmosphere - chemistry; Chlorine; Chlorine - chemistry; Cold; Environmental Monitoring; History, 20th Century; History, 21st Century; Humanities and Social Sciences; Meteorology; multidisciplinary; Ozone; Ozone - analysis; Ozone - chemistry; Ozone - history; Ozone depletion; Polar environments; Science; Science (multidisciplinary); Seasons; Stratosphere; Time Factors; Antarctic Regions; Arctic Regions
• ISSN: 0028-0836; 1476-4687
• DOI: 10.1038/nature10556

Chemical ozone destruction occurs over both polar regions in local winter–spring. In the Antarctic, essentially complete removal of lower-stratospheric ozone currently results in an ozone hole every year, whereas in the Arctic, ozone loss is highly variable and has until now been much more limited. Here we demonstrate that chemical ozone destruction over the Arctic in early 2011 was—for the first time in the observational record—comparable to that in the Antarctic ozone hole. Unusually long-lasting cold conditions in the Arctic lower stratosphere led to persistent enhancement in ozone-destroying forms of chlorine and to unprecedented ozone loss, which exceeded 80 per cent over 18–20 kilometres altitude. Our results show that Arctic ozone holes are possible even with temperatures much milder than those in the Antarctic. We cannot at present predict when such severe Arctic ozone depletion may be matched or exceeded. An Arctic ozone hole in spring 2011 Since its emergence in the 1980s, the Antarctic ozone hole, the near-complete loss of lower-stratospheric ozone, has occurred every year. The possibility that a similar effect might occur in the Northern Hemisphere has been debated, but despite considerable variation in ozone levels in the Arctic, they had not reached the extremes seen in the south. Until this year. Observations made in the late winter and early spring of 2011 reveal ozone loss far outside the range previously observed over the Northern Hemisphere, comparable to some Antarctic ozone holes. The formation of the hole was driven by an unusually long cold snap and a high level of ozone-destroying chlorine. Although this effect is dramatic, it is difficult to predict whether similar Arctic ozone holes will develop in future.