Contrast-enhanced ultrasound of the spleen, pancreas and gallbladder in children

Gray-scale and color/power Doppler ultrasound (US) are the first-line imaging modalities to evaluate the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas in children. The increasing use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a reliable and safe method to evaluate liver lesions in the pediatric population promise...

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Published inPediatric radiology Vol. 51; no. 12; pp. 2229 - 2252
Main Authors Franke, Doris, Anupindi, Sudha A., Barnewolt, Carol E., Green, Thomas G., Greer, Mary-Louise C., Harkanyi, Zoltan, Lorenz, Norbert, McCarville, M. Beth, Mentzel, Hans-Joachim, Ntoulia, Aikaterini, Squires, Judy H.
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.11.2021
Springer Nature B.V
Subjects
Children
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) in children
Doppler effect
Evaluation
Gallbladder
Imaging
Lesions
Medical imaging
Medicine
Medicine & Public Health
Neuroradiology
Nuclear Medicine
Oncology
Organs
Pancreas
Pediatrics
Radiology
Spleen
Ultrasonic imaging
Ultrasound
Spleen
Biliary system
Contrast-enhanced ultrasound
Gallbladder
Children
Pancreas
Ultrasound
Ultrasound contrast agents
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Summary:Gray-scale and color/power Doppler ultrasound (US) are the first-line imaging modalities to evaluate the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas in children. The increasing use of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) as a reliable and safe method to evaluate liver lesions in the pediatric population promises potential for imaging other internal organs. Although CEUS applications of the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas have been well described in adults, they have not been fully explored in children. In this manuscript, we present an overview of the applications of CEUS for normal variants and diseases affecting the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas. We highlight a variety of cases as examples of how CEUS can serve in the diagnosis and follow-up for such diseases in children. Our discussion includes specific examination techniques; presentation of the main imaging findings in various benign and malignant lesions of the spleen, gallbladder and pancreas in children; and acknowledgment of the limitations of CEUS for these organs.
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ISSN:0301-0449
1432-1998
DOI:10.1007/s00247-021-05131-7