Comparing application methods of reishi mushroom (Ganoderma lucidum) extract in deep‐fried meatballs: impact on heterocyclic aromatic amine formation

• Published in: Journal of the science of food and agriculture Vol. 104; no. 10; pp. 5826 - 5833
• Main Authors: Guzel, Bengu, Gumus, Damla, Kizil, Mevlude
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 15.08.2024; John Wiley and Sons, Limited
• Subjects: Amines; Amines - chemistry; Animals; antioxidant; Cooking; Frying; Ganoderma lucidum; heterocyclic aromatic amine; Heterocyclic Compounds - analysis; Heterocyclic Compounds - chemistry; Hot Temperature; Lipid peroxidation; Lipids; Meat Products - analysis; meatball; Mushrooms; Oxidation; Plant Extracts - chemistry; Reishi - chemistry; reishi mushroom; Spreading; Swine; Ganoderma lucidum; antioxidant; heterocyclic aromatic amine; meatball; reishi mushroom
• ISSN: 0022-5142; 1097-0010; 1097-0010
• DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13414

BACKGROUND The present research was conducted to investigate the impact of reishi mushroom extract (RME) on the formation of heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs) in meatballs. Sample preparations involved applying RME using either the spreading or addition method, with varying concentrations (0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, and 1% of RME), followed by deep‐frying at temperatures of 150 and 190 °C for 3 min. RESULTS The types and levels of HAAs varied based on the frying temperature, method of extract application, and the extract concentration. Notably, total HAA contents increased with rising the frying temperature (P < 0.01) and varied from undetectable levels to 4.91 ng g−1 across all analyzed meatballs. The addition method was more effective than the spreading method (P < 0.01), and among the concentrations tested 0.25% RME exhibited the highest efficacy in reducing total HAAs (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the addition method inhibited lipid oxidation more efficiently compared to the surface spreading method (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that RME had mitigating effects on HAAs depending on the concentration and frying conditions in deep‐fried meatball samples. © 2024 The Author(s). Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.