Singular Values for ReLU Layers

• Published in: IEEE transaction on neural networks and learning systems Vol. 31; no. 9; pp. 3594 - 3605
• Main Authors: Dittmer, Soren, King, Emily J., Maass, Peter
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 01.09.2020; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Gaussian mean width; Harmonic analysis; Learning systems; Measurement; n-width; Neural networks; Operators; rectified linear unit (ReLU); singular values; Task analysis
• ISSN: 2162-237X; 2162-2388
• DOI: 10.1109/TNNLS.2019.2945113

Despite their prevalence in neural networks, we still lack a thorough theoretical characterization of rectified linear unit (ReLU) layers. This article aims to further our understanding of ReLU layers by studying how the activation function ReLU interacts with the linear component of the layer and what role this interaction plays in the success of the neural network in achieving its intended task. To this end, we introduce two new tools: ReLU singular values of operators and the Gaussian mean width of operators. By presenting, on the one hand, theoretical justifications, results, and interpretations of these two concepts and, on the other hand, numerical experiments and results of the ReLU singular values and the Gaussian mean width being applied to trained neural networks, we hope to give a comprehensive, singular-value-centric view of ReLU layers. We find that ReLU singular values and the Gaussian mean width do not only enable theoretical insights but also provide one with metrics that seem promising for practical applications. In particular, these measures can be used to distinguish correctly and incorrectly classified data as it traverses the network. We conclude by introducing two tools based on our findings: double layers and harmonic pruning.