Cytotoxic and apoptotic effects of single and mixed oxides of β-sitosterol on HepG2-cells

• Published in: Toxicology in vitro Vol. 23; no. 5; pp. 755 - 762
• Main Authors: Koschutnig, K., Heikkinen, S., Kemmo, S., Lampi, A.-M., Piironen, V., Wagner, K.-H.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.08.2009
• Subjects: Apoptosis; Apoptosis - drug effects; Carcinoma, Hepatocellular - metabolism; Cell Line, Tumor; Cell Survival - drug effects; Cellular uptake; COMET; Comet Assay; Cytotoxicity; DNA Breaks - drug effects; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; HepG2; Humans; Liver Neoplasms - metabolism; MDA; Oxidation-Reduction; Oxidative Stress - drug effects; Oxides - administration & dosage; Oxides - chemistry; Oxides - toxicity; Phytosterol oxidation products; Sitosterols - chemistry; Sitosterols - toxicity; Superoxide anions; O 2; COMET; POPs; SCGE; Cytotoxicity; TBARS; MDA; MTT; COPs; Cellular uptake; TBA; MEM; Phytosterol oxidation products; FBS; ROS; HepG2; Superoxide anions; HE; Apoptosis
• ISSN: 0887-2333; 1879-3177
• DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2009.03.007

While health implications caused by cholesterol oxidation products (COPs) seem to be generally accepted, research on phytosterol oxidation products (POPs) is still limited. Since POPs are commercially not available knowledge on their toxic activities is mainly derived from blends instead of pure compounds. Therefore the aim of the present study was to examine the cytotoxicity of three individual oxidation products of β-sitosterol, 7-ketositosterol, 7β-OH-sitosterol, 7α-OH-sitosterol, a mixture of 6β-OH-3-keto-sitosterol/6α-OH-3-keto-sitosterol (ratio 4:3) and a mixture of polar oxides towards HepG2-cells. All tested compounds were found to reduce cell viability in a significant and concentration dependent way, particularly 7-keto- and 7α-OH-sitosterol showed to be highly active. Only for 7-ketositosterol an increase in early apoptotic cells was observed. Enhancement of O 2 - production was assessed for all oxides, whereas malondialdehyd (MDA) levels were increased by 7-keto- and 7α-OH-sitosterol only. However, cell death did not appear to be necessarily dependent on the generation of oxidative stress. Further no DNA strand breaks were observed with the COMET assay. By assessing the accumulation of single oxidation products in the cells a link between higher proportions of oxides inside the cells and their cytotoxic potential could be found.