The application of small unmanned aerial systems for precision agriculture: a review

• Published in: Precision agriculture Vol. 13; no. 6; pp. 693 - 712
• Main Authors: Zhang, Chunhua, Kovacs, John M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Boston Springer US 01.12.2012; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Agricultural production; Agriculture; Altitude; Atmospheric Sciences; Aviation; Biomedical and Life Sciences; Chemistry and Earth Sciences; Computer Science; Costs; Decision making; Environmental monitoring; Farmers; Geographic information systems; Geography; Global positioning systems; GPS; Life Sciences; Mapping; Physics; Precision farming; Remote sensing; Remote Sensing/Photogrammetry; Satellites; Sensors; Soil Science & Conservation; Statistics for Engineering; Studies; Technology adoption; Unmanned aerial vehicles; Canada; UAS limitations; Farmer participation; UAS aviation regulations; Low altitude remote sensing; UAS platforms; Unmanned aerial systems (UAS); UAS cameras
• ISSN: 1385-2256; 1573-1618
• DOI: 10.1007/s11119-012-9274-5

Precision agriculture (PA) is the application of geospatial techniques and sensors (e.g., geographic information systems, remote sensing, GPS) to identify variations in the field and to deal with them using alternative strategies. In particular, high-resolution satellite imagery is now more commonly used to study these variations for crop and soil conditions. However, the availability and the often prohibitive costs of such imagery would suggest an alternative product for this particular application in PA. Specifically, images taken by low altitude remote sensing platforms, or small unmanned aerial systems (UAS), are shown to be a potential alternative given their low cost of operation in environmental monitoring, high spatial and temporal resolution, and their high flexibility in image acquisition programming. Not surprisingly, there have been several recent studies in the application of UAS imagery for PA. The results of these studies would indicate that, to provide a reliable end product to farmers, advances in platform design, production, standardization of image georeferencing and mosaicing, and information extraction workflow are required. Moreover, it is suggested that such endeavors should involve the farmer, particularly in the process of field design, image acquisition, image interpretation and analysis.