Energy-efficient and self-organizing Internet of Things networks for soil monitoring in smart farming

• Published in: Computers & electrical engineering Vol. 92; p. 107142
• Main Authors: Slalmi, Ahmed, Chaibi, Hasna, Saadane, Rachid, Chehri, Abdellah, Jeon, Gwanggil, Kharraz Aroussi, Hatim
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Amsterdam Elsevier Ltd 01.06.2021; Elsevier BV
• Subjects: Band theory; Electrical resistivity; Energy harvesting; Frequencies; Internet of Things; IoT; Keywords; Moisture content; Monitoring; Path loss; Propagation; Radio equipment; Smart farming; Soil monitoring; Soils; Underground communications; Smart farming; Soil monitoring; Keywords; Path loss; Underground communications; IoT
• ISSN: 0045-7906; 1879-0755
• DOI: 10.1016/j.compeleceng.2021.107142

Nowadays, we are witnessing a massive deployment of connected objects via the Internet of Things (IoT) in numerous fields. IoT can lead to a highly effective and significant contribution to the agricultural sector’s improvement. Once these IoT sensors are placed beneath the surface for water content and salinity measurements, they will need to communicate with the mobile operator’s base stations. However, electromagnetic propagation through soil is very different from propagation through the air because of the soil’s permittivity and electrical conductivity. This study relates more precisely to low consumption and large-scale deployment purposes. The simulations will be carried out for unlicensed frequency bands to assess the theoretical approach studied. We also outline the recent IoT applications in agriculture, the various protocols, and energy harvesting techniques for IoT that can be used in agricultural monitoring systems. [Display omitted]