Evaluation of the effects of herpes simplex glycoprotein B on complement system and cytokines in in vitro models of Alzheimer's disease

• Published in: Journal of applied toxicology Vol. 43; no. 9; pp. 1368 - 1378
• Main Authors: Yirün, Anil, Çakır, Deniz Arca, Sanajou, Sonia, Erdemli Köse, Selinay Başak, Özyurt, Aylin Balcı, Zeybek, Dilara, Bozdemir, Özlem, Baydar, Terken, Erkekoglu, Pinar
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.09.2023
• Subjects: Alzheimer's disease; Amyloid precursor protein; Brain; Brain-derived neurotrophic factor; Cognitive ability; Complement system; Cytokines; Dementia disorders; Glycoprotein B; Glycoproteins; Herpes simplex; herpes simplex virus type 1; Herpes viruses; Immune system; neurodegeneration; Neurodegenerative diseases; Pathogenesis; Peptides; Proteins; Retinoic acid; Tau protein; Viruses; β-Amyloid; neurodegeneration; herpes simplex virus type 1; Alzheimer's disease; complement system
• ISSN: 0260-437X; 1099-1263
• DOI: 10.1002/jat.4471

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that causes memory loss and dementia and is characterized by a decline in cognitive functions. Brain infections, especially induced by herpes simplex virus type‐1 (HSV‐1), are suggested to play a key role in the pathogenesis of AD. Within the scope of this study, two different AD models (Tau model and amyloid beta [Aβ]) were created in the SH‐SY5Y cell line, and HSV glycoprotein B (gB) was applied to the cell line and on the generated AD models. Study groups (n = 3) were designed as (1) control, (2) HSV‐gB group, (3) retinoic acid (RA) and brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) induced Alzheimer's model (AD), (4) RA and BDNF induced Alzheimer's model + HSV‐gB (ADH), (5) Aβ 1‐42 peptide‐induced Alzheimer's model (Aβ), and (6) Aβ 1‐42 peptide‐induced Alzheimer's model + HSV‐gB (AβH). Levels of complement proteins and cytokines were determined comparatively. In addition, specific markers of AD (hyperphosphorylated Tau proteins, Aβ 1‐40 peptide and amyloid precursor protein) were measured in all groups. HSV‐gB administration was found to increase Aβ and hyperphosphorylated Tau levels, similar to AD models. In addition, our data confirmed that the immune system and chronic inflammation might have a crucial role in AD development and that HSV‐1 infection might also be an underlying factor of AD. Two different Alzheimer's disease (AD) models (Tau model and amyloid beta [Aβ]) were created in the SH‐SY5Y cells, and HSV glycoprotein B (gB) was applied to this cell line and on the generated AD models. HSV‐gB increased Aβ and hyperphosphorylated Tau levels, similar to AD models. Our data confirmed that immune system and chronic inflammation might have a crucial roles in AD development and that HSV‐1 infection might also be an underlying factor of AD.