Repeated measures analysis for steady-state evoked potentials

• Published in: Computers in biology and medicine Vol. 191; p. 110117
• Main Authors: Norouzpour, Amir, Roberts, Tawna L.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Ltd 01.06.2025
• Subjects: Adult; Analysis of variance; Brain - physiology; Electroencephalography; Electroencephalography - methods; Evoked potentials; Evoked Potentials - physiology; Female; Fourier Analysis; Humans; Internal Medicine; Male; Other; Rank-sum test; Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted; Rank-sum test; Fourier analysis; Electroencephalography; Evoked potentials; Analysis of variance
• ISSN: 0010-4825; 1879-0534; 1879-0534
• DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2025.110117

Brain response to repetitive stimuli generates steady-state evoked potentials (ssEP) that vary depending on the experimental conditions. To analyze these responses, Fourier measurements extracted from ssEP data require statistical techniques to differentiate neural responses across various experimental conditions within the same participant(s). In this study, we introduce new statistical methods to compare multiple dependent clusters of discrete Fourier measurements corresponding to multiple experimental conditions. We present two statistics: 1) The first statistic is derived from repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA) for complex numbers, used to compare multiple dependent circular clusters of Fourier estimates under the assumption of equal variance across the clusters. 2) The second statistic is employed when either the assumption of circularity within the clusters or the assumption of equal variance across the clusters is violated. In this case, we derive the statistic from the rank-sum Friedman test to compare multiple related clusters of complex numbers. We demonstrated the validity of the statistics using simulated and empirical ssEP data. Our methods offer robust statistical tools that maintain a constant Type-I error of 0.05 in all conditions, including equal or unequal variance-covariance matrix of the real and imaginary components of Fourier estimates across the circular and elliptical clusters, even in the presence of outliers in the dataset. Furthermore, our statistics demonstrate a lower Type-II error compared to repeated measures multivariate analysis of variance (rmMANOVA). The statistical methods enable us to compare multiple dependent clusters of Fourier estimates corresponding to multiple experimental conditions within the same participant(s), whether or not the variance is equal across the circular or elliptical clusters, even with outliers in the dataset. •We present statistics to compare means of multiple related groups of Fourier samples•The statistics are used to compare multiple experimental conditions within subject(s)•Multiple clusters are circular/elliptical with (un)equal variance-covariance matrix•The rank-sum statistic that derives from the Friedman test is resistant to outliers•The statistics provide lower type-II error than repeated measures MANOVA