The Yugoslavia Prospective Study of Environmental Lead Exposure

• Published in: Environmental health perspectives Vol. 107; no. 1; pp. 9 - 15
• Main Authors: Factor-Litvak, Pam, Wasserman, Gail, Kline, Jennie K., Graziano, Joseph
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. National Institutes of Health. Department of Health, Education and Welfare 01.01.1999
• Subjects: Age Factors; Behavior problems; Blood; Blood pressure; Blood Pressure - drug effects; Child; Child, Preschool; Children; Cognition - drug effects; Confounding Factors (Epidemiology); Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Environmental Exposure - adverse effects; Environmental health; Environmental Pollutants - adverse effects; Environmental Pollutants - analysis; Environmental Pollutants - blood; Epics; Female; Fetal Blood - chemistry; Growth - drug effects; Hematopoiesis - drug effects; Humans; Infant; Intelligence; Intelligence quotient; Lead; Lead - adverse effects; Lead - analysis; Lead - blood; Male; Mental Disorders - chemically induced; Pregnancy; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects; Prospective Studies; Proteinuria - chemically induced; Public health; Yugoslavia - epidemiology; Yugoslavia
• ISSN: 0091-6765; 1552-9924
• DOI: 10.1289/ehp.991079

The Yugoslavia Prospective Study of environmental lead exposure has studied the associations between exposure to lead and pregnancy outcomes; childhood neuropsychological, behavioral, and physical development; and hematologic, renal, and cardiovascular function. The cohort comprises 577 children born to women recruited at midpregnancy in two towns in Kosovo, Yugoslavia; one town is the site of a lead smelter, refinery, and battery plant and the other is 25 miles away and relatively unexposed. A sample of these children has been followed at 6-month intervals through 7.5 years of age. Blood lead concentrations ranged from 1 to 70 μg/dl. Exposure to lead was not associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes. Exposure was associated with modest decrements in intelligence, small increases in blood pressure, higher risks of proteinuria, small increases in behavior problems, and perturbed hematopoiesis. Only at low level exposures (i.e., <16 μg/dl) were small associations with decreased height found. We discuss methodological problems that may hinder causal interpretation of these data, namely, use of blood lead concentration as an exposure measure, confounding, and town-specific associations. We conclude that while reported associations are small, collectively they lend support to the notion that lead is a toxicant with numerous adverse health effects.