Refining the 9q34.3 microduplication syndrome reveals mild neurodevelopmental features associated with a distinct global DNA methylation profile

• Published in: Clinical genetics Vol. 105; no. 6; pp. 655 - 660
• Main Authors: Rots, Dmitrijs, Rooney, Kathleen, Relator, Raissa, Kerkhof, Jennifer, McConkey, Haley, Pfundt, Rolph, Marcelis, Carlo, Willemsen, Marjolein H., Hagen, Johanna M., Zwijnenburg, Petra, Alders, Marielle, Õunap, Katrin, Reimand, Tiia, Fjodorova, Olga, Berland, Siren, Liahjell, Eva Benedicte, Bojovic, Ognjen, Kriek, Marjolein, Ruivenkamp, Claudia, Bonati, Maria Teresa, Brunner, Han G., Vissers, Lisenka E. L. M., Sadikovic, Bekim, Kleefstra, Tjitske
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford, UK Blackwell Publishing Ltd 01.06.2024
• Subjects: 9q34.3 duplication; Autism; Chromosome 9; Congenital defects; DNA methylation; EHMT1; Gene expression; Intellectual disabilities; Neurodevelopment; neurodevelopmental disorder; Neurodevelopmental disorders; DNA methylation; EHMT1; neurodevelopmental disorder; 9q34.3 duplication
• ISSN: 0009-9163; 1399-0004
• DOI: 10.1111/cge.14498

Precise regulation of gene expression is important for correct neurodevelopment. 9q34.3 deletions affecting the EHMT1 gene result in a syndromic neurodevelopmental disorder named Kleefstra syndrome. In contrast, duplications of the 9q34.3 locus encompassing EHMT1 have been suggested to cause developmental disorders, but only limited information has been available. We have identified 15 individuals from 10 unrelated families, with 9q34.3 duplications <1.5 Mb in size, encompassing EHMT1 entirely. Clinical features included mild developmental delay, mild intellectual disability or learning problems, autism spectrum disorder, and behavior problems. The individuals did not consistently display dysmorphic features, congenital anomalies, or growth abnormalities. DNA methylation analysis revealed a weak DNAm profile for the cases with 9q34.3 duplication encompassing EHMT1, which could segregate the majority of the affected cases from controls. This study shows that individuals with 9q34.3 duplications including EHMT1 gene present with mild non‐syndromic neurodevelopmental disorders and DNA methylation changes different from Kleefstra syndrome. 9q34.3 nonrecurrent microduplications including EHMT1 and other predicted triplosensitive genes are associated with mild neurodevelopmental features with a global DNA methylation profile.