Mobile integrated health-community paramedicine programs' effect on emergency department visits: An exploratory meta-analysis

• Published in: The American journal of emergency medicine Vol. 66; pp. 1 - 10
• Main Authors: Lurie, Tucker, Adibhatla, Srikar, Betz, Gail, Palmer, Jamie, Raffman, Alison, Andhavarapu, Sanketh, Harris, Andrea, Tran, Quincy K., Gingold, Daniel B.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Inc 01.04.2023; Elsevier Limited
• Subjects: Bias; Community paramedicine; Emergency department visits; Emergency medical care; Emergency Medical Services; Emergency Medical Technicians; Emergency Service, Hospital; Emergency services; Health services; Heterogeneity; Home Care Services; Hospitals; Humans; Intervention; Meta-analysis; Mobile integrated health; Observational studies; Paramedic; Paramedicine; Primary care; Reviews; Risk reduction; Software; Statistical analysis; Technicians; Transport; Variables; Australia; United States > US; Melbourne Victoria Australia; Community paramedicine; Emergency department visits; Transport; Paramedic; Mobile integrated health
• ISSN: 0735-6757; 1532-8171
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ajem.2022.12.041

Mobile Integrated Health Community Paramedicine (MIH-CP) programs are designed to increase access to care and reduce Emergency Department (ED) and Emergency Medical Services (EMS) usage. Previous MIH-CP systematic reviews reported varied interventions, effect sizes, and a high prevalence of biased methods. We aimed to perform a meta-analysis on MIH-CP effect on ED visits, and to evaluate study designs' effect on reported effect sizes. We hypothesized biased methods would produce larger reported effect sizes. We searched Pubmed, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus databases for peer-reviewed MIH-CP literature from January 1, 2000, to July 24, 2021. We included all full-text English studies whose program met the National Associations of Emergency Medical Technicians definition, reported ED visits, and had an MIH-CP related intervention and outcome. We established risk ratios for each included study through interpreting the reported data. We performed a random-effects and cumulative meta-analysis of ED visit data, tests of heterogeneity, and a moderator analysis to assess for factors influencing the magnitude of observed effect. We identified 16 studies that reported ED visit data and included 12 in our meta-analysis. All studies were observational; 3 used matched controls, 6 pre-post controls, and 3 without controls. 7 studies' intervention were diversion/triage while 5 studies intervened with health education/home primary care services. Pooled risk ratio for our data set was 0.56 (95% confidence interval 0.42–0.74). Cumulative meta-analysis revealed that as of 2018 MIH-CP programs began to show consistent reductions in ED visits. Significant heterogeneity was seen among studies, with I-squared >90%. Moderator analysis showed reduced heterogeneity for matched-control studies. Our data revealed MIH-CP programs were associated with a reduced risk of ED visits. Study design did not have a statistically significant influence on effect size, though it did influence heterogeneity. We would recommend future studies continue to use high levels of control to produce reliable data with lower heterogeneity.