Determining best practice for technical assessment of hookah surface supply diving equipment during diving fatality investigation

• Published in: Diving and hyperbaric medicine Vol. 53; no. 2; pp. 92 - 99
• Main Authors: Meehan, Darren, Smart, David, Lippmann, John
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Australia The Journal of the South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society and the European Underwater and Baromedical Society 30.06.2023
• Subjects: Accidents; Cause of Death; Diving; Humans; Original; Smoking Water Pipes; Tasmania; Tasmania; Diving deaths; Surface supply breathing apparatus; SSBA; Investigations
• ISSN: 1833-3516; 2209-1491; 2209-1491
• DOI: 10.28920/dhm53.2.92-99

This study aimed to develop a standard process and checklist for technical investigation of hookah diving equipment and apply it to Tasmanian hookah fatality investigations from the last 25 years. A literature search was undertaken to identify technical reports and equipment investigations associated with diving accidents. The information was assimilated to create a process and checklist for specifically assessing the hookah apparatus. The checklist was then applied in a gap analysis of Tasmanian hookah diving fatality technical reports from 1995 to 2019. As no papers specifically describing technical evaluation of hookah equipment were identified, references evaluating scuba equipment were used to create a hookah technical assessment process incorporating unique features of the hookah. Features included: owner responsibility for air quality; maintenance, function; exhaust proximity to air intake; reservoir volume; output non-return valves; line pressure; sufficiency of supply; entanglement; hose severance risk; gas supply failure and hosing attachment to the diver. Seven hookah diving deaths occurred in Tasmania (1995-2019) of which three had documented technical assessment. Gap analysis identified inconsistent structure between reports with variability in the case descriptors. Missing technical data included: overview of the hookah systems; accessories; weights; how the apparatus was worn by the diver; compressor suitability; assessment of hookah function; breathing gas output and exhaust position relative to air intake. The study demonstrated a need to standardise technical reporting of hookah equipment after diving accidents. The checklist generated may serve as a resource for future hookah assessments and inform strategies for preventing future hookah accidents.