Serum glutamate dehydrogenase activity enables sensitive and specific diagnosis of hepatocellular injury in humans

• Published in: Toxicological sciences Vol. 203; no. 2; pp. 171 - 180
• Main Authors: Aubrecht, Jiri, Potter, David, Sauer, John Michael, Warner, Roscoe, Johnson, Kent J, McGill, Mitchell R, Peron, Katrina, King, Nicholas M P
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Oxford University Press 01.02.2025
• Subjects: Acetaminophen - adverse effects; Adult; Age Factors; Alanine Transaminase - blood; Animals; Biomarkers; Drug Overdose - blood; Drug Overdose - enzymology; Ethnicity; Female; Glutamate Dehydrogenase - blood; Humans; Kinetics; Liver - enzymology; Liver - injuries; Liver - pathology; Liver Diseases - blood; Liver Diseases - diagnosis; Liver Diseases - enzymology; Male; Middle Aged; Rats; Reference Values; Sensitivity and Specificity; Sex Factors; safety evaluation; translational; liver; hepatotoxicity; organ toxicity; predictive toxicology
• ISSN: 1096-6080; 1096-0929; 1096-0929
• DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfae143

Serum activities of alanine- and aspartate aminotransferases (ALT and AST) are considered the “gold standard” biomarkers of hepatocyte injury in clinical practice and drug development. However, due to the expression of ALT and AST in myocytes, the diagnosis of hepatocellular injury in patients with underlying muscle diseases, including drug-induced muscle injury, is severely limited. Thus, we proposed glutamate dehydrogenase (GLDH) as a liver-specific alternative to serum ALT and AST. In fact, our exploratory studies showed that GLDH has comparable performance to ALT for detecting hepatocyte injury without interference from concomitant muscle injury. Here, we report the results of studies confirming the reference intervals in a healthy human population and the sensitivity and specificity of GLDH for the detection of hepatocyte injury in human subjects. In human subjects, we could not perform liver biopsies due to ethical reasons; we also confirmed the relationship of GLDH and histopathologic lesions using 32 model toxicants in rats. Furthermore, we have shown that injury to tissues that are known to express appreciable levels of GLDH does not affect serum GLDH measurements, indicating excellent liver specificity of serum GLDH. Finally, we observed faster elimination of GLDH than ALT in humans, indicating that decreasing GLDH values could be considered an early sign of recovery. This study provides comprehensive evidence of excellent sensitivity and liver specificity of GLDH for diagnosis of hepatocellular injury, including evaluation of reference intervals, which is essential for the interpretation of serum GLDH in human subjects.