Identification of permethrin and etofenprox cross‐tolerance in Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Acari: Ixodidae)

• Published in: Pest management science Vol. 75; no. 10; pp. 2794 - 2801
• Main Authors: Tucker, Nicholas SG, Kaufman, Phillip E, Weeks, Emma NI
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Chichester, UK John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 01.10.2019; Wiley Subscription Services, Inc
• Subjects: Acari; acaricide resistance; Acaricides - pharmacology; Agricultural practices; Animals; brown dog tick; Chemical pest control; Dogs; Drug Resistance; Ectoparasites; Female; Immunological tolerance; Insecticides; Integrated pest management; Ixodidae; Larva - drug effects; Larva - growth & development; Mutation; Organic chemistry; Permethrin; Permethrin - pharmacology; Pest control; Pest resistance; Pesticides; Population studies; Populations; Pyrethrins - pharmacology; pyrethroid; Rhipicephalus sanguineus; Rhipicephalus sanguineus - drug effects; Rhipicephalus sanguineus - growth & development; Screening; Sodium; Test procedures; Ticks; vector; vector; brown dog tick; acaricide resistance; pyrethroid
• ISSN: 1526-498X; 1526-4998
• DOI: 10.1002/ps.5391

Background The brown dog tick, Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato (Latreille; Acari: Ixodidae), is a peridomestic ectoparasite of dogs and occasionally humans. In some populations, lack of integrated pest management practices and overuse of pesticides has resulted in high levels of resistance to multiple active ingredients. In this study, we established the etofenprox discriminating concentration (DC) and three additional screening concentrations to evaluate resistance status. Using mortality results, cross‐resistance was investigated in brown dog tick populations from five geographically disparate regions, including Asia, Africa, Europe, North America, and the Caribbean, following exposure to the DC for both etofenprox and permethrin separately. Subsequently, using both larval packet tests and molecular methods, etofenprox resistance was investigated. Results The etofenprox DC was set at 0.51%, which allows for the rapid screening of peridomestic brown dog tick populations for resistance to this active ingredient. Cross‐tolerance to two sodium channel‐inhibiting pesticides, permethrin and etofenprox, was observed in one population. Conclusion Our study has provided a single etofenprox concentration that can be used in larval packet tests to determine resistance status in collected peridomestic brown dog ticks, which is particularly important when a single to a few engorged adult ticks are provided for evaluation. Although metabolic resistance is presumed to be the primary resistance mechanism, a sodium channel mutation also confers tolerance to etofenprox at the DC. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry Etofenprox discriminating concentration for larval Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato was established using laboratory‐reared larvae. Using peridomestic larvae, permethrin‐etofenprox cross‐tolerance was investigated and a sodium channel mutation was investigated using PCR.