Determination of energy density in ducts by a three-microphone phaseless method and estimation of measurement uncertainties

• Published in: Journal of sound and vibration Vol. 330; no. 20; pp. 4713 - 4724
• Main Authors: Pascal, Jean-Claude, Li, Jing-Fang, Thomas, Jean-Hugh
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Kidlington Elsevier Ltd 26.09.2011; Elsevier
• Subjects: Acoustical measurements and instrumentation; Acoustics; Ducts; Energy density; Error analysis; Error detection; Exact sciences and technology; Fundamental areas of phenomenology (including applications); Mathematical models; Microphones; Permissible error; Physics; Uncertainty; Phase noise; Uncertainty; Microphone; Statistical analysis; Probabilistic approach; Energy measurement; Large pipe; Spectral energy distribution; Power spectral density; Energy density; Calibration; Experimental study; Travelling wave; Wave coherence; Modeling; Recommendation; Sound velocity; Confidence interval; Inverse problem; Uncertain system; Model matching; Robustness; Measurement error
• ISSN: 0022-460X; 1095-8568
• DOI: 10.1016/j.jsv.2011.05.006

A new method to measure the total energy density of waves traveling in opposite directions in ducts is suggested in order to completely eliminate phase errors that lead to bias errors and are difficult to control in industrial tests. Only the auto-power spectral densities are measured by the three microphones. The inversion of a linear system based on a propagation model, where the two opposite waves are partially coherent, makes it possible to obtain the energy density. The sensitivity of this method to errors in the speed of sound, errors of microphone calibration and errors of microphone positions in the duct is analyzed. To complete the study on the robustness of the method, an evaluation of the statistical errors is carried out. The total uncertainty is used to make recommendations on the choice of the experimental parameters. The selection of the frequency limits permits to maintain the measurement uncertainty within a given confidence interval. ► Current measurements of energy density in a duct are highly sensitive to phase errors. ► A 3-microphone method using only the auto-power spectral densities is developed. ► Sensitivity of the method to different causes of errors is analyzed. ► Total uncertainty is used to select the experimental parameters. ► The method makes it possible to provide the uncertainty intervals of measurements.