Attention Analysis in Robotic-Assistive Therapy for Children With Autism

• Published in: IEEE transactions on neural systems and rehabilitation engineering Vol. 32; pp. 2220 - 2229
• Main Authors: Silva, Barbara, Santos, Laura, Barata, Catarina, Geminiani, Alice, Fassina, Gabriele, Rita Gonzalez, Ana, Ferreira, Sara, Barahona-Correa, Bernardo, Olivieri, Ivana, Pedrocchi, Alessandra, Santos-Victor, Jose
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States IEEE 2024; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Attention; Autism; Autism Spectrum Disorder; Autistic children; Autistic Disorder; Biomarkers; Cameras; Child; Children; Eye-Tracking Technology; Female; Fixation, Ocular - physiology; Gaze tracking; Human engineering; Humans; Magnetic heads; Male; Medical treatment; Protocols; Reproducibility of Results; Robot vision systems; Robotics; Robots; social-assistive robots; Therapy; Variable speed drives
• ISSN: 1534-4320; 1558-0210; 1558-0210
• DOI: 10.1109/TNSRE.2024.3411299

Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) show severe attention deficits, hindering their capacity to acquire new skills. The automatic assessment of their attention response would provide the therapists with an important biomarker to better quantify their behaviour and monitor their progress during therapy. This work aims to develop a quantitative model, to evaluate the attention response of children with ASD, during robotic-assistive therapeutic sessions. Previous attempts to quantify the attention response of autistic subjects during human-robot interaction tasks were limited to restrained child movements. Instead, we developed an accurate quantitative system to assess the attention of ASD children in unconstrained scenarios. Our approach combines gaze extraction (Gaze360 model) with the definition of angular Areas-of-Interest, to characterise periods of attention towards elements of interest in the therapy environment during the session. The methodology was tested with 12 ASD children, achieving a mean test accuracy of 79.5 %. Finally, the proposed attention index was consistent with the therapists' evaluation of patients, allowing a meaningful interpretation of the automatic evaluation. This encourages the future clinical use of the proposed system.