A multispecies microcosm to assess the effect of footwear wastes on soil biota: a contribution towards sustainability

• Published in: Environmental science and pollution research international Vol. 32; no. 31; pp. 18892 - 18907
• Main Authors: Fernandes, Beatriz, Nogueira, Verónica, Bouguerra, Sirine, Soares, Cristiano, Fidalgo, Fernanda, Machado, Joana, Carvalho, Susana M. P., Ferreira, Maria José, Pinto, Vera, Rodrigues, José, Pereira, Carlos M., Pereira, Ruth
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Berlin/Heidelberg Springer Berlin Heidelberg 01.07.2025; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Acetylcholinesterase; Agricultural land; Agricultural pollution; Animals; Aquatic Pollution; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Bioassays; Biomarkers; Biota; Brassica; Brassica oleracea; Chemical elements; Chromium; Comet assay; Disposal sites; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecosystems; Ecotoxicology; Eisenia fetida; Environment; Environmental Chemistry; Environmental Health; Enzymatic activity; Footwear; Footwear industry; Gas exchange; Leather; Leather & leather products; Leaves; Lipid peroxidation; Lipids; Microcosms; Mineralization; Nitrification; Oligochaeta; Parameters; Peroxidation; Plant species; Research Article; Residues; Seedlings; Soil - chemistry; Soil contamination; Soil Pollutants - toxicity; Soil pollution; Solid wastes; Toxicity; Waste Water Technology; Water; Water Management; Water Pollution Control; Portugal; Europe; China; Environmental assessment; Chromium; Leather waste; Soil organisms; Plant–soil interactions; Soil enzymes
• ISSN: 1614-7499; 0944-1344; 1614-7499
• DOI: 10.1007/s11356-025-36824-3

Due to the high quantities of solid waste with high concentrations of chromium that the footwear industry produces and its disposal sites, it is vital to understand whether leather residue itself is harmful to the ecosystem. Thus, a microcosm test with multispecies ( Brassica oleracea and Eisenia fetida ) was carried out using an agricultural soil contaminated with two different leather residues (Wet Blue and Finished Leather) from the footwear industry. After the stabilization period, Brassica oleracea seedlings and Eisenia fetida adults were exposed to these treatments. At the end of the experiment, a series of parameters were analysed in the B. oleracea leaves (leaf chlorophyl content, gas exchange measurements and photosynthetic parameters), in the E. fetida organisms (alkaline comet assay and biomarkers such as acetylcholinesterase and lipid peroxidation) and in the soils (total chromium content, enzymes activity and nitrogen mineralization and potential nitrification). In the case of soil’s enzymatic activity, even though some were significantly altered, no negative effects could be attributed to the leather residues. Moreover, the addition of residues to the soil did not significantly affect the plant species; however, the same was not observed for the earthworm E. fetida when in contact with Finished Leather. Overall, Finished Leather residue was the one that caused more effects on the parameters analysed and therefore its disposal should be carefully examined.