Thinking inside the box: Spatial frames of reference for drawing in Williams syndrome and typical development

• Published in: Research in developmental disabilities Vol. 68; no. NA; pp. 66 - 77
• Main Authors: Hudson, Kerry D., Farran, Emily K.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2017
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adult; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Cognition; Cues; Development; Female; Frames of reference; Humans; Male; Oblique lines; Orientation; Processing style; Space Perception; Spatial; Spatial Navigation; Thinking; Williams syndrome; Williams Syndrome - physiopathology; Williams Syndrome - psychology; Young Adult; Drawing; Frames of reference; Spatial; Development; Orientation; Oblique lines; Williams syndrome; Processing style
• ISSN: 0891-4222; 1873-3379; 1873-3379
• DOI: 10.1016/j.ridd.2017.07.008

•TD and WS groups have difficulty disengaging from orientation cues when drawing.•When drawing shapes inside a frame, TD children exhibit a scaling bias.•Individuals with WS show a global, not local processing style when drawing.•Individuals with WS draw diamonds, but not squares, less accurately than non-verbal matched TD children. Successfully completing a drawing relies on the ability to accurately impose and manipulate spatial frames of reference for the object that is being drawn and for the drawing space. Typically developing (TD) children use cues such as the page boundary as a frame of reference to guide the orientation of drawn lines. Individuals with Williams syndrome (WS) typically produce incohesive drawings; this is proposed to reflect a local processing bias. Across two studies, we provide the first investigation of the effect of using a frame of reference when drawing simple lines and shapes in WS and TD groups (matched for non-verbal ability). Individuals with WS (N=17 Experiment 1; N=18 Experiment 2) and TD children matched by non-verbal ability drew single lines (Experiment One) and whole shapes (Experiment Two) within a neutral, incongruent or congruent frame. The angular deviation of the drawn line/shape, relative to the model line/shape, was measured. Both groups were sensitive to spatial frames of reference when drawing single lines and whole shapes, imposed by a frame around the drawing space. A local processing bias in WS cannot explain poor drawing performance in WS.