The venous communication between the gastrocnemius muscle heads

• Published in: Plastic and reconstructive surgery (1963) Vol. 105; no. 4; p. 1357
• Main Authors: Tsetsonis, C H, Kaxira, O S, Laoulakos, D H, Spiliopoulou, C A, Koutselinis, A S
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.04.2000
• Subjects: Humans; Microsurgery; Muscle, Skeletal - blood supply; Reference Values; Sural Nerve - anatomy & histology; Surgical Flaps - blood supply; Surgical Flaps - innervation; Veins - anatomy & histology
• ISSN: 0032-1052
• DOI: 10.1097/00006534-200004040-00014

This investigation establishes the venous communication between the gastrocnemius muscle heads. Fourteen fresh (with the exception of one) cadaveric specimens were examined. Anastomotic veins were dissected along the raphe after perfusion of each muscle with 0.1 % methylene blue solution. A distally based musculocutaneous perforating vein of the medial head was the site of perfusion in 13 specimens, whereas one specimen received injection through the accompanying vein of the medial sural cutaneous nerve. Additional perfusion of dye from different sites was required in two specimens. Communicating veins were dissected in all 14 muscles. Direct anastomotic veins were detected in eight specimens; whereas in six the accompanying vein of the medial sural cutaneous nerve that had been included proved to be the intermediate pathway of venous communication between the muscle heads. Obstructive valves were encountered in most cases; nevertheless anastomotic veins were always recognized. The role of valves and the clinical implications are discussed.