Atomistic evidence of nucleation mechanism for the direct graphite-to-diamond transformation

• Published in: Carbon (New York) Vol. 229; p. 119538
• Main Authors: Luo, Duan, Yang, Liuxiang, Xie, Hongxian, Srinivasan, Srilok, Tian, Jinshou, Sankaranarayanan, Subramanian, Arslan, Ilke, Yang, Wenge, Mao, Ho-kwang, Wen, Jianguo
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Elsevier Ltd 01.10.2024
• Subjects: diamonds; exhibitions; graphene; Graphite-diamond phase transformation; High-temperature and high pressure; Metastable phase; Superhard materials; temperature; Transmission electron microscopy; Transmission electron microscopy; Graphite-diamond phase transformation; High-temperature and high pressure; Superhard materials; Metastable phase
• ISSN: 0008-6223
• DOI: 10.1016/j.carbon.2024.119538

The direct graphite-to-diamond transformation mechanism has been a subject of intense study and remains debated concerning the initial stages of the conversion, the intermediate phases, and their transformation pathways. Here, we successfully recover samples at the early conversion stage by tuning high-pressure/high-temperature conditions and reveal direct evidence supporting the nucleation-growth mechanism. Atomistic observations show that intermediate orthorhombic graphite phase mediates the growth of diamond nuclei. Furthermore, we observe that quenchable orthorhombic and rhombohedra graphite are stabilized in buckled graphite at lower temperatures. These intermediate phases are further converted into hexagonal and cubic diamond at higher temperatures following energetically favorable pathways in the order: graphite → orthorhombic graphite → hexagonal diamond, graphite → orthorhombic graphite → cubic diamond, graphite → rhombohedra graphite → cubic diamond. These results significantly improve our understanding of the transformation mechanism, enabling the synthesis of different high-quality forms of diamond from graphite. [Display omitted]