Set Theory-Based Safety Supervisory Control for Wind Turbines to Ensure Adequate Frequency Response

• Published in: IEEE transactions on power systems Vol. 34; no. 1; pp. 680 - 692
• Main Authors: Zhang, Yichen, Raoufat, M. Ehsan, Tomsovic, Kevin, Djouadi, Seddik M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.01.2019; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Distributed generation; Frequency response; Generators; hybrid system; Mathematical analysis; Optimization; Penetration; Polynomials; Safety; safety verification; Set theory; sum of squares programming; Supervisory control; Switches; synthetic inertial response; Turbogenerators; wind turbine generator; Wind turbines
• ISSN: 0885-8950; 1558-0679
• DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2018.2867825

Inadequate frequency response can arise due to a high penetration of wind turbine generators (WTGs) and requires a frequency support function to be integrated in the WTG. The appropriate design for these controllers to ensure adequate response has not been investigated thoroughly. In this paper, a safety supervisory control (SSC) is proposed to synthesize the supportive modes in WTGs to guarantee performance. The concept, region of safety (ROS), is stated for safe switching synthesis. An optimization formula is proposed to calculate the largest ROS. By assuming a polynomial structure, the problem can be solved by a sum of squares program. A feasible result will generate a polynomial, the zero sublevel set of which represents the ROS and is employed as the safety supervisor. A decentralized communication architecture is proposed for small-scale systems. Moreover, a scheduling loop is suggested so that the supervisor updates its boundary with respect to the renewable penetration level to be robust with respect to variations in system inertia. The proposed controller is first verified on a single-machine three-phase nonlinear microgrid, and then implemented on the IEEE 39-bus system. Both results indicate that the proposed framework and control configuration can guarantee adequate response without excessive conservativeness.