A creative concept for designing and simulating quaternary logic gates in quantum-dot cellular automata

• Published in: Frontiers of information technology & electronic engineering Vol. 22; no. 11; pp. 1541 - 1550
• Main Authors: Navidi, Alireza, Sabbaghi-Nadooshan, Reza, Dousti, Massoud
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Hangzhou Zhejiang University Press 01.11.2021; Springer Nature B.V; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering,Science and Research Branch,Islamic Azad University,Tehran 1477893855,Iran%Department of Electrical Engineering,Central Tehran Branch,Islamic Azad University,Tehran 13117773591,Iran
• Subjects: Carbon nanotubes; Cellular automata; Circuit design; Communications Engineering; Computer Hardware; Computer Science; Computer Systems Organization and Communication Networks; Electrical Engineering; Electronics and Microelectronics; Energy consumption; Field effect transistors; Gates; Instrumentation; Logic circuits; Networks; New technology; Quantum dots; Research Article; Semiconductor devices; Quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA); Quaternary logic; 四值QCA (QQCA); Quaternary gates; 四值逻辑; QCASim; 量子点细胞自动模拟器 (QCASim); TN91; Quaternary decoder; 量子点细胞自动机 (QCA); 四值门; Quaternary QCA (QQCA); 四值译码器
• ISSN: 2095-9184; 2095-9230
• DOI: 10.1631/FITEE.2000590

New technologies such as quantum-dot cellular automata (QCA) have been showing some remarkable characteristics that standard complementary-metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) in deep sub-micron cannot afford. Modeling systems and designing multiple-valued logic gates with QCA have advantages that facilitate the design of complicated logic circuits. In this paper, we propose a novel creative concept for quaternary QCA (QQCA). The concept has been set in QCASim, the new simulator developed by our team exclusively for QCAs’ quaternary mode. Proposed basic quaternary logic gates such as MIN, MAX, and different types of inverters (SQI, PQI, NQI, and IQI) have been designed and verified by QCASim. This study will exemplify how fast and accurately QCASim works by its handy set of CAD tools. A 1×4 decoder is presented using our proposed main gates. Preference points such as the minimum delay, area, and complexity have been achieved in this work. QQCA main logic gates are compared with quaternary gates based on carbon nanotube field-effect transistor (CNFET). The results show that the proposed design is more efficient in terms of latency and energy consumption.