The logic of Simpson's paradox

• Published in: Synthese (Dordrecht) Vol. 181; no. 2; pp. 185 - 208
• Main Authors: Bandyoapdhyay, Prasanta S., Nelson, Davin, Greenwood, Mark, Brittan, Gordon, Berwald, Jesse
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Dordrecht Springer 01.07.2011; Springer Netherlands; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Astrobiology; Causality; Crops; Education; Epistemology; Graduation rate; Inference; Intuition; Logic; Logical theorems; Mathematical theorems; Metaphysics; Paradoxes; Philosophy; Philosophy of Language; Philosophy of Science; Population; Ratios; Reasoning; Recommendations; England; New York; Montana; United States > US; Greenland; Confounding; What to do questions; Collapsiblity principle; Conflation of three questions; Three questions; Two experiments
• ISSN: 0039-7857; 1573-0964
• DOI: 10.1007/s11229-010-9797-0

There are three distinct questions associated with Simpson's paradox, (i) Why or in what sense is Simpson's paradox a paradox? (ii) What is the proper analysis of the paradox? (iii) How one should proceed when confronted with a typical case of the paradox? We propose a "formar" answer to the first two questions which, among other things, includes deductive proofs for important theorems regarding Simpson's paradox. Our account contrasts sharply with Pearl's causal (and questionable) account of the first two questions. We argue that the "how to proceed question?" does not have a unique response, and that it depends on the context of the problem. We evaluate an objection to our account by comparing ours with Blyth's account of the paradox. Our research on the paradox suggests that the "how to proceed question" needs to be divorced from what makes Simpson's paradox "paradoxical."