Bayesian Cramér-Rao Lower Bound for Magnetic Field-Based Localization

• Published in: IEEE access Vol. 10; pp. 123080 - 123093
• Main Authors: Siebler, Benjamin, Sand, Stephan, Hanebeck, Uwe D.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Piscataway IEEE 2022; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Bayes methods; Bayesian analysis; Bayesian Cramér-Rao lower bound; Differential equations; Estimation; Fields (mathematics); finger-printing; Gaussian process; Indoor environments; indoor localization; Localization; Lower bounds; Magnetic field measurement; magnetic field-based localization; Magnetic fields; Magnetic separation; Magnetometers; Mathematical analysis; Mathematical models; particle filter; Particle filters
• ISSN: 2169-3536; 2169-3536
• DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3223693

In this paper, we show how to analyze the achievable position accuracy of magnetic localization based on Bayesian Cramér-Rao lower bounds and how to account for deterministic inputs in the bound. The derivation of the bound requires an analytical model, e.g., a map or database, that links the position that is to be estimated to the corresponding magnetic field value. Unfortunately, finding an analytical model from the laws of physics is not feasible due to the complexity of the involved differential equations and the required knowledge about the environment. In this paper, we therefore use a Gaussian process (GP) that approximates the true analytical model based on training data. The GP ensures a smooth, differentiable likelihood and allows a strict Bayesian treatment of the estimation problem. Based on a novel set of measurements recorded in an indoor environment, the bound is evaluated for different sensor heights and is compared to the mean squared error of a particle filter. Furthermore, the bound is calculated for the case when only the magnetic magnitude is used for positioning and the case when the whole vector field is considered. For both cases, the resulting position bound is below 10cm indicating an high potential accuracy of magnetic localization.