3D forensic facial approximation: Implementation protocol in a forensic activity

• Published in: Journal of forensic sciences Vol. 66; no. 1; pp. 383 - 388
• Main Authors: Baldasso, Rosane Pérez, Moraes, Cicero, Gallardo, Elisa, Stumvoll, Monica Bujes, Crespo, Kleber Cardoso, Strapasson, Raíssa Ananda Paim, Oliveira, Rogério Nogueira
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States Wiley Subscription Services, Inc 01.01.2021
• Subjects: 3‐D imaging; Adult; Approximation; Automated Facial Recognition - methods; computer‐aided design; Deoxyribonucleic acid; DNA; Face (anatomy); facial recognition; facial reconstruction; Forensic Anthropology - methods; Forensic science; human identification; Humans; Imaging, Three-Dimensional; Male; Mathematical analysis; Photogrammetry; Sketches; Skull; Skull - anatomy & histology; Soft tissues; Software; Three dimensional models; Virtual environments; forensic science; human identification; computer-aided design; 3-D imaging; facial recognition; facial reconstruction
• ISSN: 0022-1198; 1556-4029
• DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14587

The primary objective of this paper is to report on the successful implementation of forensic facial approximation in a real case in the forensic context. A three‐dimensional (3D) facial approximation protocol of the skull was performed with free software, applying techniques in a virtual environment that have already been consolidated in the literature. The skull was scanned with the photogrammetry technique, the digital replica was imported in the Blender software (Blender Foundation, Amsterdam) and individualized model sketches of the face were traced with the MakeHuman software (MakeHuman Org) according to the anthropological profile of the victim. The face created was imported in Blender, where it was adapted, modeled, and sculpted on the 3D skull and its soft tissue markers, using an American open‐source application of the technique in the digital environment. The face created in a virtual environment was recognized and legal identification procedures were started, resulting in the more agile delivery of the disappeared body to its next of kin. It is therefore concluded that facial approximation may not be a primary method of human identification, but it can be satisfactorily applied in the forensic field as an individual recognition resource. It has great value in narrowing the search, reducing the number of alleged victims, and leading to identification tests, therefore significantly reducing the number of genetic DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) tests—which are considered costly for the State or Federation—and consequently reducing the waiting time before delivery of the body to its family.