The Physiological Role of Irisin in the Regulation of Muscle Glucose Homeostasis

Irisin is a myokine that primarily targets adipose tissue, where it increases energy expenditure and contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise through the browning of white adipose tissue. As our knowledge has deepened in recent years, muscle has been found to be a major target organ for iri...

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Published inEndocrines Vol. 2; no. 3; pp. 266 - 283
Main Authors Yano, Naohiro, Zhao, Yu Tina, Zhao, Ting C
Format Journal Article
LanguageEnglish
Published Switzerland MDPI AG 01.09.2021
Subjects
Cytokines
Exercise
Gene expression
Glucose
glucose homeostasis
Homeostasis
Hyperglycemia
Hypertension
Insulin resistance
irisin
Kinases
Lipids
Mammals
Metabolic disorders
Musculoskeletal system
myokine
Obesity
Pancreas
Pathogenesis
Proteins
Smooth muscle
type 2 diabetes mellitus
myokine
type 2 diabetes mellitus
glucose homeostasis
metabolic disorders
irisin
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Summary:Irisin is a myokine that primarily targets adipose tissue, where it increases energy expenditure and contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise through the browning of white adipose tissue. As our knowledge has deepened in recent years, muscle has been found to be a major target organ for irisin as well. Several studies have attempted to characterize the role of irisin in muscle to improve glucose metabolism through mechanisms such as reducing insulin resistance. Although they are very intriguing reports, some contradictory results make it difficult to grasp the whole picture of the action of irisin on muscle. In this review, we attempted to organize the current knowledge of the role of irisin in muscle glucose metabolism. We discussed the direct effects of irisin on glucose metabolism in three types of muscle, that is, skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, and the myocardium. We also describe irisin's effects on mitochondria and its interactions with other hormones. Furthermore, to consider the relationship between the irisin-induced improvement of glucose metabolism in muscle and systemic disorders of glucose metabolism, we reviewed the results from animal interventional studies and human clinical studies.
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Author Contributions: N.Y.: Writing the mansucript and prearation of Table and Figures; Y.T.Z.: writing and editing mansucript; T.C.Z.: Concept desgins, wriring and editing mansucript. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
ISSN:2673-396X
2673-396X
DOI:10.3390/endocrines2030025