The emergence of 3D-printed firearms: An analysis of media and law enforcement reports

• Published in: Forensic science international. Synergy Vol. 8; p. 100464
• Main Authors: Schaufelbühl, Stefan, Florquin, Nicolas, Werner, Denis, Delémont, Olivier
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Netherlands Elsevier B.V 2024; Elsevier
• Subjects: Additive manufacturing; Craft-produced firearms; Fully 3D-printed (F3DP) firearms; Hybrid firearms; Parts kit completions/conversions (PKC); Fully 3D-printed (F3DP) firearms; Craft-produced firearms; Additive manufacturing; Hybrid firearms; Parts kit completions/conversions (PKC)
• ISSN: 2589-871X; 2589-871X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2024.100464

3D-printed firearms, an emerging category of privately made firearms (PMF) produced beyond government control, have become increasingly prevalent due to technological advancements. They are now emerging as a cost-effective and reliable alternative to conventional firearms. Raised to public awareness following the 2013 release of the 3D-printed Liberator, these firearms are now more commonly encountered by police forces. This article analyses various reports involving 3D-printed firearms, reflecting the increasing encounters by law enforcement agencies. It examines 186 cases involving 3D-printed firearms, primarily from North America, Europe, and Oceania, highlighting a significant rise in incidents since 2021. These incidents include seizures, illicit uses, and online sales, with the firearms typically being hybrid models, Parts Kit Completions/Conversions (PKC), or firearm components such as auto sears. The study underscores the use of affordable equipment and materials for production, emphasizing the accessibility and potential risks of these firearms. •Data on 186 cases involving 3D-printed firearms and parts was collected.•92 % of the reported cases took place in either North America, Europe or Oceania.•A sharp increase in reported cases was observed since the year 2021.•Hybrid firearms, PKC builds, and auto sears are the most seized 3D-printed objects.•Producers mostly use entry-level equipment, and no high-end material is necessary.