An examination of the inmate code in Canadian penitentiaries

• Published in: Journal of crime & justice Vol. 37; no. 2; pp. 234 - 255
• Main Author: Ricciardelli, Rose
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Abingdon Routledge 04.05.2014; Taylor & Francis Ltd
• Subjects: Canada; Criminology; Incarceration; inmate code; men; penitentiaries; Prison administration; prison code; Prisons; risk; Risk assessment; Safety management; Ontario Canada; Canada
• ISSN: 0735-648X; 2158-9119
• DOI: 10.1080/0735648X.2012.746012

Scholars researching the development and adoption of an inmate code in penitentiaries have agreed on its basic elements and the influence of the prison environment on its adoption. Yet, the changing climate in Canadian penitentiaries and the fact that the inmate code has yet to be studied in a Canadian context remain of concern. Thus, this study seeks to empirically document current elements of the inmate code in Canadian federal prisons in Ontario and theoretically explain why this code is adopted by prisoners in these penitentiaries. In light of researchers noting the impact of risk, including its assessment and management, on behaviors, I argue that risk - defined here as concern for safety - and unsafe prison environments have reshaped the code. Drawing on data collected from interviews with 56 ex-prisoners, I propose that the inmate code in Ontario penitentiaries is composed of five primary tenets: (1) 'never rat on a con' and don't get friendly with the staff; (2) be dependable (not loyal); (3) follow daily behavior rules or else; (4) I won't see you, don't see me, and shut up already; and (5) be fearless or at least act tough. A portrayal of the current unsafe and high risk nature of Canadian penitentiary environments in Ontario and its implications for the prisoners in residence is also provided. Findings are discussed within a risk context with an emphasis on empirical and theoretical implications.