Examining the Viability of the World’s Busiest Winter Road to Climate Change Using a Process-Based Lake Model

• Published in: Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society Vol. 102; no. 7; pp. E1464 - E1480
• Main Authors: Mullan, D. J., Barr, I. D., Flood, R. P., Galloway, J. M., Newton, A. M. W., Swindles, G. T.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Boston American Meteorological Society 01.07.2021
• Subjects: Climate change; Climate models; Climatic data; Emissions; Environmental impact; Freshwater; Freshwater lakes; Future climates; Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gases; Hydrology; Ice; Ice cover; Ice thickness; Infrastructure; Inland water environment; Lake ice; Lakes; Paris Agreement; Permafrost; Roads; Roads & highways; Seasons; Simulation; Viability; Winter; Winter climates; Canada; Arctic region; Northwest Territories Canada
• ISSN: 0003-0007; 1520-0477
• DOI: 10.1175/BAMS-D-20-0168.1

Winter roads play a vital role in linking communities and building economies in the northern high latitudes. With these regions warming 2–3 times faster than the global average, climate change threatens the long-term viability of these important seasonal transport routes. We examine how climate change will impact the world’s busiest heavy-haul winter road—the Tibbitt to Contwoyto Winter Road (TCWR) in northern Canada. The FLake freshwater lake model is used to project ice thickness for a lake at the start of the TCWR—first using observational climate data, and second using modeled future climate scenarios corresponding to varying rates of warming ranging from 1.5° to 4°C above preindustrial temperatures. Our results suggest that 2°C warming could be a tipping point for the viability of the TCWR, requiring at best costly adaptation and at worst alternative forms of transportation. Containing warming to the more ambitious temperature target of 1.5°C pledged at the 2016 Paris Agreement may be the only way to keep the TCWR viable—albeit with a shortened annual operational season relative to present. More widely, we show that higher regional winter warming across much of the rest of Arctic North America threatens the long-term viability of winter roads at a continental scale. This underlines the importance of continued global efforts to curb greenhouse gas emissions to avoid many long-term and irreversible impacts of climate change.