Investigation of Congo Red Toxicity towards Different Living Organisms: A Review

• Published in: Processes Vol. 11; no. 3; p. 807
• Main Authors: Siddiqui, Sharf Ilahi, Allehyani, Esam S., Al-Harbi, Sami A., Hasan, Ziaul, Abomuti, May Abdullah, Rajor, Hament Kumar, Oh, Seungdae
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Basel MDPI AG 01.03.2023
• Subjects: Algae; Azo compounds; Azo dyes; Bacteria; Bioluminescence; Carcinogenicity; Carcinogens; Dyes; Enzymes; Genotoxicity; Gram-positive bacteria; Metabolism; Metabolites; Proteins; Respiration; Reviews; Teratogenicity; Toxicity; Congo (Kinshasa); India
• ISSN: 2227-9717; 2227-9717
• DOI: 10.3390/pr11030807

The use of dyes is widespread across almost all industries. Consequently, these dyes are found in various sources of water and food that humans, animals, and plants consume directly or indirectly. Most of these dyes are comprised of complex aromatic structures that have proven harmful. Congo red dye, a complex aromatic azo dye based on benzidine, is most commonly used in these dyes; its metabolites (benzidine and analogs) can be toxic, but Congo red dye itself is not always harmful. The present review summarizes the toxicity of Congo red dye towards different living forms. Herein, the primary emphasis has been given to the mutagenic, teratogenic, and carcinogenic consequences of Congo red and its metabolites. The mechanisms of azo dyes’ carcinogenicity have also been discussed. This review will undoubtedly be beneficial for researchers to understand the harmful effects of Congo red in genotoxic, teratogenic, mutagenic, and carcinogenic factors.