A national survey of end-of-life care for critically ill patients

• Published in: American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine Vol. 158; no. 4; pp. 1163 - 1167
• Main Authors: PRENDERGAST, T. J, CLAESSENS, M. T, LUCE, J. M
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York, NY American Lung Association 01.10.1998
• Subjects: Anesthesia. Intensive care medicine. Transfusions. Cell therapy and gene therapy; Bioethics; Biological and medical sciences; Brain Death; Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation; Clinical Protocols; Critical Care - methods; Critical Care - statistics & numerical data; Critical Illness - mortality; Death; Emergency and intensive cardiocirculatory care. Cardiogenic shock. Coronary intensive care; Euthanasia, Passive - statistics & numerical data; Forecasting; Hospitals - classification; Humans; Intensive care medicine; Life Support Care - methods; Life Support Care - statistics & numerical data; Logistic Models; Medical sciences; Patient Admission - statistics & numerical data; Practice Patterns, Physicians' - statistics & numerical data; Prospective Studies; Resuscitation Orders; Terminal Care - methods; Terminal Care - statistics & numerical data; United States - epidemiology; United States; Human; Intensive cardiocirculatory care; Intensive care; Treatment; Disease; End; Severity score; Life (physiology); Care; Empirical Approach; Death and Euthanasia
• ISSN: 1073-449X; 1535-4970
• DOI: 10.1164/ajrccm.158.4.9801108

In some intensive care units (ICUs), fewer patients who die now undergo attempts at cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), and many more have life support actively withdrawn prior to death than did a decade ago. To determine the frequency of withdrawal of life support, we contacted every American postgraduate training program with significant clinical exposure to critical care medicine, asking them prospectively to classify patients who died into one of five mutually exclusive categories. We received data from 131 ICUs at 110 institutions in 38 states. There were 6,303 deaths, of which 393 patients were brain dead. Of the remaining 5,910 patients who died, 1,544 (23%) received full ICU care including failed cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR); 1,430 (22%) received full ICU care without CPR; 797 (10%) had life support withheld; and 2,139 (38%) had life support withdrawn. There was wide variation in practice among ICUs, with ranges of 4 to 79%, 0 to 83%, 0 to 67%, and 0 to 79% in these four categories, respectively. Variation was not related to ICU type, hospital type, number of admissions, or ICU mortality. We conclude that limitation of life support prior to death is the predominant practice in American ICUs associated with critical care training programs. There is wide variation in end-of-life care, and efforts are needed to understand practice patterns and to establish standards of care for patients dying in ICUs.