Arbitrage With Power Factor Correction Using Energy Storage

• Published in: IEEE transactions on power systems Vol. 35; no. 4; pp. 2693 - 2703
• Main Authors: Hashmi, Md Umar, Deka, Deepjyoti, Busic, Ana, Pereira, Lucas, Backhaus, Scott
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.07.2020; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE); Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers
• Subjects: Active control; Arbitrage; Batteries; co-optimization; Computer Science; Computer simulation; Converters; convex functions; Degradation; Distributed generation; Electric power; energy management; Energy storage; Engineering Sciences; Inverters; Mathematical models; Mathematics; Optimization; Optimization and Control; Power control; Power factor; Power factor correction; power quality; Predictive control; Reactive power; reactive power control; Real-time systems; Systems and Control; Uncertainty
• ISSN: 0885-8950; 1558-0679
• DOI: 10.1109/TPWRS.2020.2969978

The importance of reactive power compensation for power factor (PF) correction will significantly increase with the large-scale integration of distributed generation interfaced via inverters producing only active power. In this work, we focus on co-optimizing energy storage for performing energy arbitrage as well as local power factor correction. The joint optimization problem is non-convex, but can be solved efficiently using a McCormick relaxation along with penalty-based schemes. Using numerical simulations on real data and realistic storage profiles, we show that energy storage can correct PF locally without reducing arbitrage profit. It is observed that active and reactive power control is largely decoupled in nature for performing arbitrage and PF correction (PFC). Furthermore, we consider a real-time implementation of the problem with uncertain load, renewable and pricing profiles. We develop a model predictive control based storage control policy using auto-regressive forecast for the uncertainty. We observe that PFC is primarily governed by the size of the converter and therefore, look-ahead in time in the online setting does not affect PFC noticeably. However, arbitrage profit are more sensitive to uncertainty for batteries with faster ramp rates compared to slow ramping batteries.