Radiologic Extranodal Extension of Metastatic Lymph Nodes in Patients With Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: Prognostic Utility and Diagnostic Performance

• Published in: American journal of roentgenology (1976) Vol. 221; no. 4; pp. 471 - 484
• Main Authors: Jang, Sowon, Lee, Seungjae, Chung, Jin-Haeng, Lee, Kyung Won, Lee, Kyung Hee
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: United States 01.10.2023
• Subjects: Aged; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung - diagnostic imaging; Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung - pathology; Extranodal Extension - pathology; Female; Humans; Lung Neoplasms - pathology; Lymph Nodes - pathology; Male; Middle Aged; Neoplasm Staging; Prognosis; Retrospective Studies; non–small cell lung cancer; CT; clinical staging; extranodal extension; lymph node metastasis
• ISSN: 0361-803X; 1546-3141; 1546-3141
• DOI: 10.2214/AJR.23.29285

Pathologic extranodal extension (ENE) in metastatic lymph nodes (LNs) has been associated with unfavorable prognosis in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The purpose of this article was to evaluate the prognostic utility of radiologic ENE and its diagnostic performance in predicting pathologic ENE in patients with NSCLC. This retrospective study included 382 patients (mean age, 67 ± 10 [SD] years; 297 men, 85 women) diagnosed with NSCLC and clinical N1 or N2 disease between January 2010 and December 2016. Two thoracic radiologists reviewed staging chest CT examinations to record subjective overall impression for radiologic ENE (no ENE, possible/probable ENE, or unambiguous ENE), reviewing 30 examinations in consensus and the remaining examinations independently. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and multivariable Cox proportional hazards model were used to evaluate the utility of radiologic ENE in predicting overall survival (OS). Prognostic utility of radiologic ENE was also assessed in patients with clinical N2a disease. In patients who underwent surgery, sensitivity and specificity were determined of radiologic unambiguous ENE in predicting pathologic ENE. The 5-year OS rates for no ENE, possible/probable ENE, and unambiguous ENE were 44.4%, 39.1%, and 20.9% for reader 1 and 45.7%, 36.6%, and 25.6% for reader 2, respectively. Unambiguous ENE was an independent prognostic factor for worse OS (reader 1: adjusted HR, 1.72, = .008; reader 2: adjusted HR, 1.56, = .03), whereas possible/probable ENE was not (reader 1: adjusted HR, 1.18, = .33; reader 2: adjusted HR, 1.21, = .25). In patients with clinical N2a disease, 5-year OS rate in patients with versus without unambiguous ENE for reader 1 was 22.2% versus 40.6% ( = .59) and for reader 2 was 27.6% versus 41.0% ( = .49). In 203 patients who underwent surgery (66 with pathologic ENE), sensitivity and specificity of radiologic unambiguous ENE for predicting pathologic ENE were 11% and 93% for reader 1 and 23% and 87% for reader 2. Radiologic unambiguous ENE was an independent predictor of worse OS in patients with NSCLC. The finding had low sensitivity but high specificity for pathologic ENE. Radiologic ENE may have a role in NSCLC staging workup and treatment selection.