Frequency Subsampling of Ultrasound Nondestructive Measurements: Acquisition, Reconstruction, and Performance

• Published in: IEEE transactions on ultrasonics, ferroelectrics, and frequency control Vol. 68; no. 10; pp. 3174 - 3191
• Main Authors: Kirchhof, Jan, Semper, Sebastian, Wagner, Christoph W., Perez, Eduardo, Romer, Florian, Del Galdo, Giovanni
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: New York IEEE 01.10.2021; The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
• Subjects: Algorithms; Apertures; Asymptotic methods; Coefficients; Compressed sensing (CS); Computational modeling; Cramer-Rao bounds; Fourier subsampling; Image reconstruction; Mathematical models; Nondestructive testing; Oversampling; Position measurement; Solid modeling; Synthetic apertures; Time domain analysis; Ultrasonic imaging; Ultrasonic variables measurement; ultrasound nondestructive testing (NDT)
• ISSN: 0885-3010; 1525-8955
• DOI: 10.1109/TUFFC.2021.3085007

In ultrasound nondestructive testing (NDT), a widespread approach is to take synthetic aperture measurements from the surface of a specimen to detect and locate defects within it. Based on these measurements, imaging is usually performed using the synthetic aperture focusing technique (SAFT). However, SAFT is suboptimal in terms of resolution and requires oversampling in the time domain to obtain a fine grid for the delay-and-sum (DAS). On the other hand, parametric reconstruction algorithms give better resolution, but their usage for imaging becomes computationally expensive due to the size of the parameter space and a large amount of measurement data in realistic 3-D scenarios when using oversampling. In the literature, the remedies to this are twofold. First, the amount of measurement data can be reduced using state-of-the-art sub-Nyquist sampling approaches to measure Fourier coefficients instead of time-domain samples. Second, parametric reconstruction algorithms mostly rely on matrix-vector operations that can be implemented efficiently by exploiting the underlying structure of the model. In this article, we propose and compare different strategies to choose the Fourier coefficients to be measured. Their asymptotic performance is compared by numerically evaluating the Cramér-Rao bound (CRB) for the localizability of the defect coordinates. These subsampling strategies are then combined with an <inline-formula> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">\ell _{{1}} </tex-math></inline-formula>-minimization scheme to compute 3-D reconstructions from the low-rate measurements. Compared to conventional DAS, this allows us to formulate a fully physically motivated forward model matrix. To enable this, the projection operations of the forward model matrix are implemented matrix-free by exploiting the underlying two-level Toeplitz structure. Finally, we show that high-resolution reconstructions from as low as a single Fourier coefficient per A-scan are possible based on simulated data and measurements from a steel specimen.