A Surprising Excess of Radio Emission in Extremely Stable Quasars: A Unique Clue to Jet Launching?

• Published in: The Astrophysical journal Vol. 971; no. 1; pp. 60 - 71
• Main Authors: Kang, Wen-Yong, Wang, Jun-Xian, Cai, Zhen-Yi, Wang, Hao-Chen, Ren, Wen-Ke, Liao, Mai, Yuan, Feng, Zdziarski, Andrzej, Cao, Xinwu
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Philadelphia The American Astronomical Society 01.08.2024; IOP Publishing
• Subjects: Accretion; Astronomy; Black holes; Emissions; Extreme values; Jets; Loudness; Luminosity; Quasars; Radio emission; Radio loud quasars; Red shift; Variability
• ISSN: 0004-637X; 1538-4357
• DOI: 10.3847/1538-4357/ad5a0c

Abstract Quasars are generally divided into jetted radio-loud and nonjetted radio-quiet ones, but why only 10% of quasars are radio-loud has been puzzling for decades. Other than jet-induced phenomena, black hole mass, or Eddington ratio, a prominent difference between jetted and nonjetted quasars has scarcely been detected. Here we show a unique distinction between them, and the mystery of jet launching could be disclosed by a prominent excess of radio emission in extremely stable quasars (ESQs; i.e., type 1 quasars with extremely weak variability in UV/optical over 10 yr). Specifically, we find that >25% of the ESQs are detected by the FIRST/VLASS radio survey, while only ∼6%–8% of the control sample, matched in redshift, luminosity, and Eddington ratio, are radio-detected. The excess of radio detection in ESQs has a significance of 4.4 σ (99.9995%) and predominantly occurs at intermediate radio loudness with R ∼ 10–60. The radio detection fraction of ESQs also tends to increase in the ESQ samples selected with more stringent thresholds. Our results are in contrast to the common view that radio-loud quasars are likely more variable in UV/optical due to jet contribution. New clues/challenges posed by our findings highlight the importance of extensive follow-up observations to probe the nature of jets in ESQs and theoretical studies on the link between jet launching and ESQs. Moreover, our results make ESQs, an essential population that has never been explored, unique targets in the burgeoning era of time domain astronomy, like their opposite counterparts of quasars exhibiting extreme variability or changing-look features.