Water quality of springs in areas under different land uses in the southern highlands of Santa Catarina

• Published in: Revista ambiente & água Vol. 13; no. 4; pp. 1 - 10
• Main Authors: Ramos, Saulo Tadeu Branco, Mafra, Maria Sueli Heberle, Rech, Tássio Dresch, Siegloch, Ana Emília, Rech, Ângela Fonseca
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English; Portuguese
• Published: Taubaté Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais em Bacias Hidrográficas 2018; Instituto de Pesquisas Ambientais em Bacias Hidrográficas (IPABHi)
• Subjects: Agricultural land; Catchment area; Catchment areas; Coliforms; Coniferous forests; Contamination; contamination of water sources; Data processing; Dissolved oxygen; Drainage; drainage areas; Electrical conductivity; Electrical resistivity; ENGINEERING, ENVIRONMENTAL; Faecal coliforms; Fecal coliforms; Forest management; Forest protection; Forests; Grasslands; Land use; Methods; Microbial contamination; pH effects; Phenols; Pine trees; Properties; Protection; Ranching; Risk analysis; Risk factors; Runoff; Rural areas; Soil; Soil contamination; Soil properties; spring protection; Topography (geology); Wastewater; Water analysis; Water quality; Water springs; Santa Catarina Brazil; Brazil; spring protection; contamination of water sources; área de drenagem; drainage areas; contaminação de fontes de água; proteção de nascentes
• ISSN: 1980-993X; 1980-993X
• DOI: 10.4136/ambi-agua.2201

This study sought to characterize the conditions of springs used for domestic consumption and to analyze their water quality. The springs are situated in catchment areas (drainage areas) with different soil uses in rural properties of the southern plateau of Santa Catarina, Brazil. To this end, 56 springs used to supply rural properties were selected in the counties of Lages, Otacílio Costa, São José do Cerrito, Painel, and Bocaina do Sul. The water catchment area of the springs were described in detail with regard to topography, management, forest, protection, fences, channels to contain runoff, and macroscopic aspects of water. In addition, the water was analyzed for total and fecal coliforms, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, temperature, clarity, and nitrate and total phenol contents. The samplings for water analysis were performed in compliance with Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater (APHA). The above parameters were evaluated under the following soil uses in the drainage areas: native forest, native grassland, planted pine forest, and cropland. Data were analyzed by comparison of means by the Student's t test (p <0.05). More than 80% of the springs were found to be contaminated with fecal coliforms. The main risk factors for microbiological contamination in the region are extensive cattle ranching and the lack of adequate protection of the springs in most properties, with emphasis on the catchment areas of native grassland and native forest. Springs in pine forest areas have the lowest mean pH and the highest phenol content.