Spatiotemporal ecological risk evaluation and source identification of heavy metals and nutrients in the water and lake surface sediment in a protected catchment area of a volcanic lake

• Published in: Environmental monitoring and assessment Vol. 196; no. 3; p. 263
• Main Authors: Fadlillah, Lintang Nur, Afifudin, Rachmawati, Alfina Ayu, Saputra, Firdaus Rakhman, Utami, Sri, Widyastuti, M.
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Cham Springer International Publishing 01.03.2024; Springer Nature B.V
• Subjects: Agriculture; Aquatic ecosystems; Atmospheric Protection/Air Quality Control/Air Pollution; Cadmium; Cages; Catchment area; Catchment areas; Chromium; Copper; Correlation analysis; Dry season; Earth and Environmental Science; Ecological risk assessment; Ecology; Ecotoxicology; Environment; Environmental Management; Erbium; Extensive farming; Floating; Heavy metals; Hydroelectric power; Iron; Lakes; Land pollution; Land use; Lead; Metals; Monitoring/Environmental Analysis; Nutrients; Pollution sources; Principal components analysis; Rainy season; Risk assessment; Sediment; Sediment samples; Sediments; Statistical analysis; Statistical methods; Tourism; Ecological risk; Sediment; Lake pollution; Environmental risk; Toxic metals
• ISSN: 0167-6369; 1573-2959
• DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12432-5

Indonesia has numerous lakes; however, research on the spatiotemporal sediment quality and source identification in lakes remains limited. The overaccumulation of heavy metals and nutrients in lakes severely threatens aquatic ecosystems. This study aims to identify potential sources of metallic deposits (Cu, Pb, Cr, Fe, Al, and Cd) and nutrients (TN and TP) in lake-surface sediment, utilizing enrichment factors (EF), geoaccumulation indices (I geo ), potential ecological risk indices (Er), and risk indices (RI). Multivariate statistical analyses, including principal component analysis (PCA) and Pearson’s correlation analysis, were conducted to pinpoint pollution sources linked to land use. Eight sampling sites for surface sediment and water were examined in both wet and dry seasons at Menjer Lake, chosen for its diverse applications in tourism, hydropower, floating net cages, and extensive agriculture in its catchment. Correlation and PCA results indicated that Pb, Fe, and Al mainly originate from tourism, while Al, Fe, TN, and TP are associated with agriculture. The highest average loading from land use was observed in agriculture (> 0.8), floating net cages (> 0.76), and tourism (> 0.68). Furthermore, the highest loading from nutrients and all metals were TP (> 0.71) and all metals (> 0.35), respectively. Ecological risk assessment revealed low to moderately polluted EFs and I geo in the dry season. However, Menjer Lake’s Er and RI for heavy metals were generally classified as unpolluted.