Efficient lithium extraction using redox-active Prussian blue nanoparticles-anchored activated carbon intercalation electrodes via membrane capacitive deionization

• Published in: Chemosphere (Oxford) Vol. 336; p. 139256
• Main Authors: Rethinasabapathy, Muruganantham, Bhaskaran, Gokul, Hwang, Seung-Kyu, Ryu, Taegong, Huh, Yun Suk
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: England Elsevier Ltd 01.09.2023
• Subjects: Activated carbon; anodes; aqueous solutions; capacitance; cathodes; Charcoal - chemistry; clean energy; cost effectiveness; deionization; Desalination; electrochemistry; Electrodes; Electrosorption; energy; Intercalation; Lithium; Lithium extraction; Membrane capacitive deionization; nanoparticles; Oxidation-Reduction; Prussian blue; seawater; Lithium extraction; Electrosorption; Activated carbon; Desalination; Prussian blue; Membrane capacitive deionization; Intercalation
• ISSN: 0045-6535; 1879-1298; 1879-1298
• DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139256

Global demand for lithium (Li) resources has dramatically increased due to the demand for clean energy, especially the large-scale usage of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles. Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is an energy and cost-efficient electrochemical technology at the forefront of Li extraction from natural resources such as brine and seawater. In this study, we designed high-performance MCDI electrodes by compositing Li+ intercalation redox-active Prussian blue (PB) nanoparticles with highly conductive porous activated carbon (AC) matrix for the selective extraction of Li+. Herein, we prepared a series of PB-anchored AC composites (AC/PB) containing different percentages (20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%) of PB by weight (AC/PB-20%, AC/PB-40%, AC/PB-60%, and AC/PB-80%, respectively). The AC/PB-20% electrode with uniformly anchored PB nanoparticles over AC matrix enhanced the number of active sites for electrochemical reaction, promoted electron/ion transport paths, and facilitated abundant channels for the reversible insertion/de-insertion of Li+ by PB, which resulted in stronger current response, higher specific capacitance (159 F g−1), and reduced interfacial resistance for the transport of Li+ and electrons. An asymmetric MCDI cell assembled with AC/PB-20% as cathode and AC as anode (AC//AC-PB20%) displayed outstanding Li+ electrosorption capacity of 24.42 mg g−1 and a mean salt removal rate of 2.71 mg g min−1 in 5 mM LiCl aqueous solution at 1.4 V with high cyclic stability. After 50 electrosorption-desorption cycles, 95.11% of the initial electrosorption capacity was retained, reflecting its good electrochemical stability. The described strategy demonstrates the potential benefits of compositing intercalation pseudo capacitive redox material with Faradaic materials for the design of advanced MCDI electrodes for real-life Li+ extraction applications. [Display omitted] •Redox-active PB intercalation material with AC for efficient Li+ extraction.•AC facilitate electron and Li + transport to redox-active sites of PB.•AC/PB exhibit high specific capacitance (159 F g−1) and rapid Li+ diffusion.•Excellent Li + extraction of 24.42 mg g−1 in Asymmetric AC//AC/PB-20 MCDI cell.•Excellent cyclic stability and Li + retention of 95.11% even after 50 cycles.