Examining the efficacy of improved traffic signs and markings at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings based on driving simulation and eye tracking systems

• Published in: Transportation research. Part F, Traffic psychology and behaviour Vol. 81; pp. 173 - 189
• Main Authors: Ma, Siwei, Yan, Xuedong
• Format: Journal Article
• Language: English
• Published: Oxford Elsevier Ltd 01.08.2021; Elsevier Science Ltd
• Subjects: Automobile driving; Brakes; Deceleration; Design of experiments; Driver behavior; Driving simulator; Eye movements; Fixation; Flashing-light-controlled grade crossing; Pavement markings; Pavements; Response time; Roads & highways; Signs; Signs and pavement markings; Simulation; Tracking systems; Traffic accidents & safety; Traffic control; Traffic safety; Traffic signs; Transportation research; Signs and pavement markings; Flashing-light-controlled grade crossing; Driving simulator; Eye movements
• ISSN: 1369-8478; 1873-5517
• DOI: 10.1016/j.trf.2021.05.019

•The improved traffic signs and markings at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings is proposed to improve grade crossing safety.•A driving simulator-based experiment is conducted to examine the efficacy of improved signs and markings on drivers’ eye-movement and behavioral performances.•Drivers could perceive signs timelier and fixate on the flashing-light signal earlier with the improved signs and markings.•Drivers would hesitate to decide whether to stop or cross facing with flashing red lights, which is similar to the dilemma zone of roadway intersections. The majority of the collisions at grade crossings occurred at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings. Understanding drivers’ behaviors and visual performances in the process of approaching the crossings is the foundation of improving crossing safety. This study aims at utilizing driving simulation and eye tracking systems to investigate the efficacy of improved traffic signs and pavement markings (PSM) at flashing-light-controlled grade crossings. The improved signs and markings were modeled in a driving simulation system and tested with a series of flashing light trigger time (FLTT) ranging from 2 s to 6 s with 1 s interval increment. Foggy conditions and drivers’ genders and vocations were considered in experiment design. Thirty-six fully-licensed drivers between 30 and 48 years participated in the experiment. Several eye-movement and behavioral measures were adopted as reflections of the subjects’ performances, including the first fixation time on signs and signals and distance to stop line, total fixation duration, compliance rate, stop position, average speed at the stop line, maximum deceleration rate and brake response time. Results showed that compared with traditional grade crossings signs and pavement markings, drivers could perceive signs timelier and fixate on the flashing-light signal earlier in PSM, especially in the scenarios of earlier FLTTs. The improvement in fixation performance and sign design contributed to a higher stop compliance rate. Importantly, it was found that drivers would hesitate to decide whether to stop or cross facing with flashing red lights, which is similar to the dilemma zone of roadway intersections. Drivers were more likely to fall into the dilemma zones when FLTT was <4 s. When FLTT was 2 s, it was particularly difficult to stop in front of the stop line. Moreover, under a foggy condition, drivers had a difficulty in searching signs and had a longer brake response time compared with a clear condition. For the characteristics of drivers, male drivers had longer fixation duration on signs than females. Professional drivers had a higher maximum deceleration rate compared with non-professional drivers. Above findings implied that improved traffic signs and markings would have a potential to improve traffic safety and deserve a field implementation in the future.